i 
i 

I 


INTRODUCTORY 


GEOGRAPHY 


IN 


READINGS   AND    RECITATIONS 


BY 


WILLIAM     SWINTON 


IVISON,     BLAKEMAN      AND     COMPANY 
NEW    YORK    AND    CHICAGO. 


Copyright,  1882,  by 
IVISON,     BLAKEMAN,   TAYLOR,    AND    COMPANY. 


EDUCATION  DEPT, 


B   *  k 


•        4      t      *•      • 


(  1     t       «.  ft     «.  t 


NOTE. 

This  book  forms  an  introduction  to  the  author's  "  Grammar  School  Geography,"  anc 
the  two  books  furnish  a  complete  course  of  geographical  study  for  common  schools. 

The  plan  of  this  "Introductory"  is  similar  to  that  which  has  met  wide  approval  ir 
the  author's  "  Elementary,  or  Brief  Course  ;  "  that  is,  it  combines  reading-lessons  (tc 
enliven  and  stimulate)  with  recitation-lessons  (to  emphasize  and  fasten). 

By  its  moderate  size,  simple  style,  and  close  relation  of  matter  read  to  matter  recited 
it  is  suited  to  the  capacity  of  beginners,  while  the  text  is  so  graded  that  the  "  Intro- 
ductory" connects  with  the  "Grammar  School  Geography"  without  the  need  of  an) 
intermediate  manual. 

w.  s. 

New  York,  March,  1882. 


ivi24'J547 


CONTENTS 


Pagi 

INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS  .    .    „     o    .    »    »    »    .  1-21 

NORTH  AMERICA  .............  23 

United  States 32 

New  England  States 35 

Middle  Atlantic  States 41 

Southern  States 45 

Central  States 53 

Pacific  Highland  and  Coast 59 

Review  Questions  on  United  States 63 

Other  Countries  of  North  America   ....  64 


Flag* 

SOUTH  AMERICA   ........,»,..  75 

EUROPE 83 

ASIA 95 

AFRICA 105 

OCEANICA Ill 

CIRCLES  AND  LINES  ON  GLOBES  AND  MAPS  114 

TOPICAL  QUESTIONS  FOR  GENERAL  REVIEW  115 

TABLES  OF  POPULATION 116 


LIST    OF    MAPS, 


Page 

Western  Hemisphere 14 

Eastern  Hemisphere 15 

The  Zones.    . 17 

North  America 22 

Physical  North  America ,    .    .    .    .  25 

United  States 3°)  31 

New  England  States 34 

Middle  Atlantic  States 40 

Southern  States,  Eastern  Division 46 

Southern  States,  Western  Division 48 

Central  States     ,,,....  52 

Pacific  Highland  and  Coast  .,.,.....  58 
iv 


Page 

Eastern   Provinces  of  Canada,  with   Newfound- 
land   68 

South  America 74 

Physical  South  America 76 

Europe 82^ 

Physical  Europe -  84 

British  Isles 85 

Asia ■     •  94 

Physical  Asia 96 

Africa 104 

Physical  Africa    ..............  106 

Oceanica    .......o..=...»..»iii 


Reading-Lesson    I. 


ABOUT   THE   EARTH. 


-ft.-Tner'i-ca 

cir-cum-nav'i-gate 

Co-lum'bus 


g-e-og'ra-phy 

Ma-g-el'lan 
sphere 


We  live  on  the  outside,  or  surface,  of  a  great 
■Surface  of  b^^l  Called  the  earth,  or  world.  Already 
the  earth,  ^yg  know  a  little  about  the  surface  of 
the  earth.  We  know  something  about  the  place 
Avhere  we  have  our  home,  and  about  our  own 
neighborhood. 

Every  child  has  learned  the  name  of  the 
Its  state   in   which    he    lives,    and    knows 

countries.  \\y^x^  our  country  is  called  the  United 
States.     But  even  the  United  States  is  only  a 


part  of  the  earth's  surface.     It  is  but  one  coun 
try  out  of  many  countries  in  the  world. 

So,  too,  we  know  the  kind  of  people  anions 
whom  we  have  always  lived.  But  Their  in- 
there  are  many  kinds  of  people  in  the  ^^^i^'^^nts. 
world,  —  white  people  and  black  people,  yellov 
people  and  copper-colored  people ;  and  thes( 
have  very  different  ways  of  living. 

There  is  a  study  that  teaches  us  about  th( 
surface  of  the  earth,  its  countries,  and 
their  inhabitants.     This  is  Geography. 

Geography  has  many  useful  things  to  teacl 
us.     It  teaches  us  how  all  the  different    what  it 
people  in  the  world  make  their  living ;  Reaches, 
what  things  each  country  has  the  most  of ;  anc 
how  in  the  different  countries  the  people  tak( 


Geographj 


About    the    Earth, 


Its 

wonders. 


the  articles  of  which  they  have  a  plenty,  and 
trade  them  off  for  articles  which  they  need. 
It  has  also  many  wonderful  tales  to  tell,  — 
true  stories  of  flaming  mountains  and 
moving  ice-rivers,  of  huge  waterfalls 
and  great  spouting  springs,  of  vast  deserts  and 
strange  underground  caves,  of  lands  where  it 
is  always  summer  and  lands  where  it  is  always 
winter,  of  places  where  the  people  have  only 
one  long  day  and  one  long  night  in  the  year, — 
each  lasting  six  months. 

But,  after  all,  is  there  any  thing  that  seems 
The  world  much  Stranger  than  what  we  learned 
a  ball.  ^|-  ^YiQ  beginning  of  this  lesson,  —  that 

we  live  on  the  surface  of  a  great  ball  ?  For 
who  would  think  this  without  being  told  it  ? 
The  earth  looks  flat,  —  it  appears  to  be  a  great 
plain.  And  in  olden  times  even  the  wisest 
men  believed  the  earth  to  be  a  great  plain. 
They  thought  that  if  a  person  should  travel 
far  enough  he  would  come  to  the  end  of  the 
world. 

At  last  a  wise  man  here  and  there  began  to 
think  that  the  earth  could  not  be  flat. 
One  of  these  men  was  Columbus.  You 
have  heard  how  he  set  out  on  the 
voyage  that  led  to  his  finding  America.  Now, 
he  would  never  have  started  on  that  darins: 
voyage  if  he  had  not  believed  the  world  to  be 
round.  He  found  America  by  believing  that 
the  earth  is  round. 

About   fifty  years   after  the   time  of   Colum- 


What 

Columbus 

thought. 


bus  another  daring  navigator  named  Magellan 
made  a  still  more  wonderful  voyage.     He  sailed 
quite   around   the    earth.      The  word   ^^^^^ 
circimniavigate    means    the    same    as    Mageiiaa 
"sail  around;"    and    so   wc   say   that   ^"^"^^ 
Magellan  v/as   the   first   man   who   circumnavi- 
gated the  world.      He   set   out  from  a  port  in 
Spain,  and    after   sailing    on    and    on,    without 
turning  back,  his  ships  reached  the  same  port 
from  which  they  had  started.      The  voyage  took 
more  than  three  years. 

People  who  live  on  the  seashore,  or  on  a  large 
lake,  can   see  any  day  something  that   ^^^^ 
shows  the   earth   is   round.      When   a   ships  at 
ship  is  coming  into  port,  the  tops  of 
the  masts  are  always  seen  first,  then  the  sails, 
and   last   of   all   the   hull.      So  when   a  ship  is 
going  out  to  sea,  the  hull  is  first  lost  to  sight, 
then  the  sails,  and  last  of  all  the  tops  of  the 
masts.     This  would  not  be  so  if  the  earth  were 
flat. 

That    the    earth    is    round    there    are    many- 
other  proofs  given  us  by  learned  men.    other 
These    reasons    you    will    understand   1"^°°^^- 
better  when  you  have  studied  geography  more; 
and   indeed,   they  are    so  many  that  we  know 
the  earth  is  round,  nearly  like  a  ball. 

Any  thing  that  is  round  like  a  ball  is  called 
a  globe,  or  sphere.     And  so,  when  we   ciobe,  or 
are  asked  what  is  the    shape    of    the   ^p^^''^- 
earth,  we  say  that  it  is  nearly  the  shape  of  a 
globe,  or  sphere. 


I 


Direction    and    Distance. 


FOR  RECITATION. 

1.  What  is  Geography  ? 

Geography  is  the  study  that  teaches  us  about 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  its  countries,  and 
their  inhabitants. 

2.  What  is  the  surface  of  the  earth  ? 

The  surface  of  the  earth  is  its  outside. 

3.  What  is  the  shape  of  the  earth  ? 

It  is  round  nearly  like  a  globe,  or  sphere. 

4.  How  was  the  trite  shape  of  the  earth  first  found  out  ? 
By  sailing  around  the  earth. 

5.  Give  another  proof  that  the  earth  is  round. 

When  a  ship  is  coming  in  from  sea  the  tops 
of  the  masts  are  seen  first,  then  the  sails, 
and  last  the  hull. 


♦  » 


Reading-Lesson    II. 


DIRECTION   AND  DISTANCE. 


as-tron'o-mer 
cir-cum'fer-ence 


di-am'e-ter 
sur-vey'or 


We  are  going  to  learn  about  many  places. 
Giving  so  let  us  start  with  the  place  where 
direction,     ^^g  ^j-g^  —  ^.]-^g  schoolroom.     The  first 

thing  we  ask  about  a  place  is,  "  Where  is  it  .-* " 


Showing  Direction. 


Now,  we  may  point  toward  a  place,  as  our 
school,  the  church,  the  post-of^ce  ;  but  if  we 
wish  to  tell  a  person  where  a  place  is,  we  must 


direct  him  which  way  to  go  to  it.     That  is,  we 
must  give  him  the  directioti. 

All  over  the  world  people  have  come  to  learn 
direction  by  the  sun  ;  for  the  sun  can   „, 

-'  '  The  sun  as 

be  seen  by  people  everywhere,  even  the  great 

by  the  Indian  in  the  deep   forest,  or 

by  the  mariner  on  the  wide  ocean.     So  in  every 


Mariner  and  his  Compass. 

language  there  are  words  that  mean  the  same 
thing  as  east  and  tucst ;  and,  whatever  the 
word  may  be,  "  east "  means  where  the  sun 
seems  to  rise,  and  "west"  where  it  seems  to  set. 

When  one  stands  with  the  right  arm  stretched 
toward  the  rising  sun,  like  the  boy  in  Direction 
the  picture,  his  face  will  be  turned  by  the  sun, 
toward  the  north  and  his  back  toward  the 
south.  Then  toward  his  right  hand  will  be 
east  and  toward  his  left  hand  west.  Or,  if  we 
go  out  at  noon,  when  the  sun  is  shining,  the 
direction  in  which  our  shadow  falls  is  north,  and 
the  opposite  direction  south.  Now,  if  we  face 
toward  our  shadow  at  noon,  we  can  easily  tell 
which  way  is  east  and  which  way  is  west :  cast 
is  toward  the  right  hand,  west  toward  the  left. 

At  night,  travelers  on  the  land  and   By.the 
sailors  on  the  sea  often  lind  their  dircc-  ^orthstar. 
tion    by   looking   at    a   bright    star   called   the 
North   Star.      On   a  clear  night  you  may  ask 


Direction  and  Distance. 


some  one  to  point  out  to  you  this  star,  and  tell 
you  how  direction  is  found  by  it. 

But  the  very  best  way  of  telling  direction  at 
Direction  ^^^  timcs  is  by  SL  compass.  This  won- 
by  the  derful  little  instrument  shows  not  only 

compass.      ^^^  ^^^^  chicf  poiiits  OX  dircctious,  — 

north,  south,  east,  west ;  but  the  points  between 
these,  — north-east,  south-east,  south-west,  north- 
west ;   and  even   points   between   these    again. 


Measuring  Distance. 


Perhaps  you  have  seen 
a  compass  such  as  the 
steersman  on  board  a 
ship  uses,  called  the 
"mariner's  compass," 
or  a  compass  such  as 
surveyors  use  ;  or,  if 
not,  you  very  likely 
have  seen  a  pocket- 
compass. 
To  locate  a  place  exactly,  that  is,  to  tell 
About  where  it  is,  we  must  be  able  not  only 

distance.  ^-^  ^g]|  jj^  what  dircction  it  is  from  us, 
but  how  far  off  it  is.  We  must  know  its  dis- 
tance as  well  as  its  direction. 

Every  day  you  hear  people  speaking  of  the 
About  common  measures  of  length,  as  a  foot, 

measuring  a  yard,  a  mile.  You  have  seen  the 
carpenter  measuring  by  his  foot-rule. 
Perhaps  you  have  seen  a  surveyoi  out  with  his 
men,  measuring  distance  by  means  of  a  marked 
chain.  We  can  understand  how  these  things  are 
done  ;  but  is  it  not  very  wonderful  to  think  that 
the  astronomer,  by  the  use  of  the  telescope  and 


other  instruments,  can  tell  the  distance  from  the 
earth  to  the  sun,  or  from  star  to  star } 

The  mile  is  the  measure  most  used  in  speak- 
ing about  places.  Now,  if  you  have  in  size  of 
your  mind  a  pretty  good  idea  of  how  ^"^^  ^^'■*^- 
long  a  mile  is,  it  will  help  you  to  understand 
what  a  very  great  globe  the  earth  is.  The  dis- 
tance through  it  is  about  eight  thousand  miles, 
and  the  distance  around  it  is  nearly  twenty-five 
thousand  miles.  The  measure  through  the 
center  of  a  ball,  or  globe,  is  called  its  diameter ; 
the  measure  arotmd  it  is  called  its  circumference. 

If  a  railroad  could  be  built  around  the  earth, 
it  would  take  a  very  fast  train,  going  Along 
all  the  time,  thirty  days  to  make  the  Jo^'-ney- 
trip.  If  there  were  no  sea  to  stop  you,  and  you 
could  walk  ten  hours  a  day  at  the  rate  of  four 
miles  an  hour,  it  would  take  nearly  two  years 
to  make  the  whole  journey. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  are  the  four  chief  points  of  the  compass  ? 
They  are  east,  west,  north,  and  south. 

2.  Where  is  east  f 

East  is  where  the  sun  seems  to  rise. 

3.  Where  is  west? 

West  is  where  the  sun  seems  to  set. 

4.  Where  are  north  and  south  ? 

If  we  stretch  our  right  arm  towards  the  east, 
and  our  left  arm  towards  the  west,  the  north 
is  in  front  of  us  and  the  south  behind  us. 

5.  Which  way  does  our  shadow  point  at  noon  ? 
It  points  toward  the  north. 

6.  What  names  are  given  to  the  points  of  the  compass 

between  the  four  chief  points  ? 

North-east,  south-east,  south-west,  and  north- 
west. 

7.  What  is  the  size  of  the  earth  ? 

The  earth  is  nearly  eight  thousand  miles 
through  (in  diameter),  and  about  twenty-five 
thousand  miles  around  (in  circumference). 


About    a    Map. 


Reading-Lesson    III. 


ABOUT  A   MAP. 


In-te'ri-or 
ground'-plan 


pho'to- graph 
scale 


The  Schoolroom. —A  Picture. 

Here  we  start  from  the  schoolroom  again. 
The  In  the  picture  we  see  maps  hung  on 

picture.        ^|^g  ^Y^]|  .  ^^[d  wc  must  Icam  what  a 

map  is,  for  without  maps  we  could  know  very 
little  about  geography. 

The  drawing  shows  us  the  inside,  or  interior. 
What  it  of  a  schoolroom.  We  see  the  floor, 
shows  us.  ceiling,  walls,  windows,  and  the  desks 
and  other  objects  in  the  room.  Every  part  of 
this  drawing  is  really  equally  far  off  and  equally 
near  to  us  ;  but  this  does  not  seem  to  be  so  : 
the  part  in  the  center  of  the  drawing  appears  to 
be  the  farthest  off,  and  the  different  objects  in 
the  schoolroom  are  shown  as  in  the  various  posi- 
tions in  which  we  should  see  them  if  we  stood 
at  the  door,  and  looked  in.  It  is  a  picture. 
Now,  if  we  could  lift  off  the  roof  and  look 
down,  we  should  see  the  floor,  and  all 
the  objects  on  it.  And,  if  a  drawing 
of  the  schoolroom  were  made  as  we 
.  ould  then  see  it,  we  should  have  what  is  called 
a  qroiind-plan,  or  a  plan  of  the  schoolroom,  as 
at  the  top  of  the  next  column. 

Suppose  you  draw  a  plan  oi your  schoolroom. 
Measuring  First,  you  must  measure  it.  Let  us 
for  a  plan,  gg^y  \^  jg  forty  fcct  long  and  thirty  feet 
wide.     Of  course  you  can  not  draw  on  your  slate 


What  a 
ground- 
plan  is. 


The  Schoolroom  —  A  Plan. 


or  on  the  blackboard  a  line  forty  feet  long :  so 
let  us  make  one  inch  stand  for  ten  feet,  then 
the  lines  for  the  longer  sides  of  the  room  will 
be  four  inches,  and  those  for  the  shorter  sides 
three  inches. 

This  is  making  the  drawing  on  what  is  called 
a  scale, — a  scale  of  one  inch  to  ten  a  scale 
feet.  We  have  all  seen  a  photograph  "'"strated. 
of  a  man  six  feet  tall  ;  but  was  the  figure  in  the 
photograph  six  feet  in  length  .-'  No  :  perhaps 
it  was  only  three  inches.  Now,  if  the  man  was 
six  feet  (seventy-two  inches)  high,  and  the  pic- 
ture only  three  inches  long,  we  should  say 
that  the  picture  was  on  a  scale  of  three  inches 
to  seventy-two,  or  one  inch  to  two  feet. 

As  we  have  measured  the  schoolroom,  and 
made  a  plan  of  it,  so  we  may  measure 
the  school-grounds,  and  make  a  map  of 
them.  We  speak  of  a  "plan"  of  a  building, 
and  of  a  "  map  "  of  the  school-grounds,  or  the 
school-district,  or  our  state,  or  the  United 
States,  or  the  world.  A  map  is  a  plan  of  the 
whole  or  any  part  of  the  earth's  surface. 

When  we  drew  the  plan  of  the  schoolroom 
we  did  not  make  pictures  of  the  objects  on  the 
floor :  we  represented  the  objects  by  lines  and 
marks.  So  we  draw  the  map  of  the  school- 
grounds  by  using  signs  that  stand  for  the  dif- 
ferent objects  in  them. 


A  map. 


Divisions    of    Land. 


Scales. 


Picture  of  the  School-grounds. 

If  you  think  a  little,  you  will  see  that  we  can 
Why  maps  not  get  along  at  all  in  learning  about 
are  useful.  |-|^g  different  parts  of  the  earth  without 
maps.  No  matter  how  many  pictures  of  any 
part  of  the  world  you  may  have  seen,  you  can 
not  tell  where  it  is,  nor  of  what  shape  it  is,  nor 
how  large  it  is,  unless  you  have  a  map  of  it. 

One  thing  must  be  kept  in  mind  all  the  time 
in  looking  at  a  map,  —  its  scale.  We 
may  make  a  map  of  a  country  on  a 
small  scale  or  on  a  large  scale.  Sometimes  we 
make  quite  a  large  map  to  show  a  small  country ; 
and  we  need  to  do  this  when  the  country  has 
many  rivers  and  mountains  and  places  that  we 
wish  to  show  clearly.  And  sometimes  we  make 
quite  a  small  map  to  show  a  large  country  in  a 
general  way.  We  might  make  a  map  of  the 
whole  world  on  a  space  no  larger  than  that 
used  in  drawing  the  map  of  the  school-grounds. 

Maps  are  generally  made  with  the  top  for  the 
north,  the  right  side  for  the  east,  the  bottom 
for  the  south,  and  the  left  side  for  the  west. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  is  a  plan.,  or  ground-plan^  of  the  schoolroom  ? 
It  is  such  a  drawing  as  we  might  make  if  we 

could  look  down  from  above  on  the  room. 

2.  What  is  a  map  ? 

A  map  is  a  plan  of  the  whole  or  of  any  part 
of  the  earth's  surface. 


rACTORy 


Map  of  l-Ue  School -grounds. 

3.  What  7n7ist  we  bear  in  j/iind  in  drawing  a  map  or  in 

studying  one? 

We  must  bear  in  mind  its  scale. 

4.  How  are  the  directions  generally  shown  on  maps  ? 
The  top  generally  represents  north,  and  the 

bottom    south  ;    the    right    side   east,  and 
the  left  side  west. 


Reading-Lesson    IV. 


DIVISIONS  OF   LAND:   ISLAND,  PENINSULA,  CAPE,  ISTHMUS. 


at'oH 
cor'al 

isth'mus  (^is'mus) 


pen-in'su-la 
pla-teau'  i-td) 
pol'yp 


Where  do  people  live  and  build  their  houses  .'' 
You  say,  on  the  land  ;  and  that  is  right.  Land  and 
The  solid  land  is  the  dwelling-place  ^^'^r. 
of  man.  Where  do  fishes  live,  and  on  what 
do  ships  sail .-'  You  say  that  fishes  live  in  the 
water,  and  ships  sail  on  the  water.  Now,  the 
earth's  surface  consists  of  land  and  water ;  for 
there  is  no  part  of  the  earth  that  is  not  either 
the  one  or  the  other  of  these. 

If  you  have  ever  been  at  the  seashore,  you 
know  that  the  edges  of  the  land,  where  ^^^j^ 
they  touch  the  water,  are  not  straight  different 
and  even,  but  are  notched  and  uneven.   ^  ^'^^^' 
Parts  of    the  land  stretch   out    into   the  water 
more  than  others,  and  between  these  are  open- 


Divisions    of    Land. 


Picture  of  Land  Divisions. 


Natural 
divisions 


ings  through  which  the  water  flows  up  into  the 
land.  Then,  again,  every  one  knows  that  some 
parts  of  the  land  are  higher  than  others. 

There  are  different  names  for  the  different 
parts  of  land  and  water.  And  as  these 
different  forms  of  land  and  water  were 
not  made  by  man,  but  are  as  we  find  them  in 
nature,  we  call  them  natural  divisions  of  land 
and  water. 

Islands,  peninsulas,  capes,  isthmuses,  valleys, 
Their  plains,    platcaus,    and   mountains   are 

names.  nam.cs  of  the  natural  divisions  of  land, 
—  eight  divisions.  They  are  all  shown  in  the 
picture  and  on  the  map  above. 

Almost  every  pupil  must  have  seen  an  island, 
and  knows  that  it  is  a  body  of  land 
surrounded  by  water.  Even  if  you 
have  not  seen  an  island  in  the  sea,  you  may 
have  seen  one  in  a 
lake  or  river.  Isl- 
ands are  of  all  sizes, 
some  very  small, 
others  very  large. 
Some  are  quite  near 
the  coast,  others  are 
hundreds  of  miles 
out  in  the  ocean. 


An  island. 


PLAIN 


Map  of  Land  Divisions. 

The  strangest  islands  of  all  are  those  called 
coral  islands.     These  have  been  built  Thecorai 
up  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea  very  'siands. 
slowly  by  millions  and  millions  of  little  animals. 
The    coral  animal,  called  the  coral  polyp,  is 
at  first  somewhat  like  a  small  drop  of  How  they 
jelly.     Millions  of  these  little  creatures  ^""^  '"^'^^• 
fasten  themselves  to  rocks  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sea,  where  the  water  is  shallow.     Soon  a  little 
stony  matter  forms  in  the  body  of  each  polyp ; 
and,  when  the  animal  dies,  the  stony  matter  re- 
mains.    This  goes  on  in  a  way  which  the  teacher 
will  explain  to  you,  and  at  last  a  real  island  is 
formed.     The  most  beautiful  coral  islands  are 
of  a  round  shape.     These  are  called  atolls. 

You  may  be  sure  that  if  you  live  on  the  coast, 
or  near  a  large  lake,  you  have  seen  a  a  penin- 
peninsula.  What  does  this  word  mean?  ^"'^• 

"  Pene "  in  Latin 
means  almost,  and 
"insula"  means  isl- 
and: so  "peninsula" 
signifies  almost  an 
island.  A  peninsula 
is  a  body  of  land 
nearly  surrounded 
by  water. 


AtoU. 


8 


Divisions    of    Land, 


A  cape. 


At  the  end  of  the  peninsula  (in  the  picture 
of  the  land  divisions)  you  see  a  high  point  of 
land  extending  into  the  water.  This 
is  called  a  cape  (which  is  from  a  Latin 
word  meaning  head),  because  a  cape  is  gen- 
erally a  head  of  land,  or  as  we  say  a  headland. 
If  we  were  making  a  sea-voyage,  we  should  hear 
a  good  deal  about  capes  ;  for  the  first  thing  we 
should  see  when  we  got  in  sight  of  land  would 
most  likely  be  one  of  these  headlands. 

The  only  other  division  of  land  that  is  named 
An  from    its    shape    is   an  istJnmis.     The 

isthmus.  word  "  isthmus  "  means  neck.  And 
this  is  just  what  an  isthmus  is.  Look  again 
at  the  picture  of  the  divisions  of  land  :  you  see 
the  peninsula,  which  we  may  compare  to  a 
head,  and  the  mainland,  which  we  may  compare 
to  the  body.  These  are  joined  by  an  isthmus, 
which  is  a  sort  of  neck.  So  an  isthmus  is  a 
narrow  neck  of  land  joining  two  larger  bodies 
of  land. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  Of  what  does  the  earth'' s  surface  consist  ? 
It  consists  of  land  and  water. 

2.  How  many  natural  divisions  of  land  are  there,  and 

what  are  they  ? 

There  are  eight  natural  divisions  of  land,  — 
islands,  peninsulas,  capes,  isthmuses,  val- 
leys, plains,  plateaus,  and  mountains. 

8.    What  is  ati  island? 

An  island  is  a  body  of  land  surrounded  by 
water. 

4.  What  is  a  penitisula  ? 

A  peninsula  is  a  body  of  land  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  water. 

5.  What  is  a  cape  ? 

A  cape  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  the 
water. 

6.  What  is  an  isthmus  f 

An  isthmus  is  a  narrow  neck  of  land  join- 
ing two  larger  bodies  of  land. 


Reading-Lesson   V. 


DIVISIONS  OF   LAND:    PLAIN,   PLATEAU,  VALLEY,   MOUNTAIM. 


cra'ter 

Ev'er-est 

pam'pas 


o'a-sis 

prai'rie 

vol-ca'no 


le 
prairies. 


A  PLAIN  is  a  tract  of  low  and  generally  level 
land.      There    are    different    kinds    of 

1     •  •  i-rr  •  T  1  A  plain. 

plains  in  dirterent  countries.  In  the 
western  part  of  our  own  country  are  vast  level 
or  wave-like  plains  called  prairies.  A  The 
prairie  is  like  a  waving  sea  of  grass,  p'' 
and  in  the  spring  it  is  covered  with  many 
kind?  of  beautiful  wild-flowers.  In  some  parts 
you  may  see  great  herds  of  buffaloes  feeding 
on  che  grass.  Sometimes  a  prairie  takes  fire, 
burning  the  grass  for  many  miles.  All  living 
creatures  then  flee  in  dismay,  for  there  is 
scarcely  any  thing  in  the  world  so  terrible  as  a 
prairie  on  fire. 


Lassoing  Wild  Cattle. 

In  some  countries  are  other  kinds  of  grassy 
plains,  as  \.\\q.  pampas  in  South  Amer-  jhe 
ica.  Over  the  pampas  roam  countless  p^^p^^. 
herds  of  wild  horses  and  cattle.  Men  go  out 
on  horseback  to  catch  the  cattle,  which  they  do 
by  means  of  a  long  rope  or  strip  of  leather  with 
a  slip-noose  at  one  end.  This  is  called  a  lasso, 
and  the  herdsmen  are  very  skillful  in  its  use. 


Divisions    of    Land. 


An  Oasis  in  the  Desert. 


The  desert. 


In  some  parts  of  the  world  there  are  vast 
sandy  plains,  called  deserts.  As  there  is  nei- 
ther rain  nor  dew  in  the  desert,  you  will  not 
wonder  that  no  green  thing  can  grow  there. 
For  miles  and  miles  there  is  nothing 
but  the  hot,  burning  sand.  The  camel 
can  cross  the  desert,  for  he  can  go  for  days 
without  water.  The  desert  of  sand  is  a  fright- 
ful solitude,  silent  like  the  grave.  Yet  even  in 
the  desert  there  are  here  and  there  green  spots, 
where  palm-trees  grow,  and  wells  of  water  are 
found.  Such  a  spot  is  called  an  oasis,  and 
when  the  weary  caravans  come  to  one  of  these 
they  are  much  rejoiced. 

In  this  picture  we  see  a  plain  ;  but  instead 
of  being  on  a 

A  plateau.  ,        .   ,        , 

level  with  the 
land  in  the  fore-part  of 
the  picture  it  is  raised 
high  above  it,  just  as 
the  top  of  a  table  is 
raised  above  the  floor. 
Sometimes  land  of  this 
kind  is  called  a  table- 
land.    But     the     more 


Plateau  in  Arizona. 


common  name  for  it   is  plateau. 

A  valley   is   the    low  land  between   hil';-;  or 
About  mountains.     Generally  a  brook  or  river 

valleys.  ruus  through  a  valley.  It  is  likely 
that  every  pupil  has  seen  a  valley.  But  you 
must  not  think  that  all  valleys  are  sm^ll,  or  can 
be  seen  at  one  view.  Some  valleys  are  very 
long  and  vv^ide.     Such,  in  our  o//n  country,  is 


mountains. 


the  Mississippi  Valley  :  it  is  so  large  that  it 
takes  in  many  states,  and  is  the  home  of  mill- 
ions of  people. 

When  the  land,  instead  of  being  sunk  below 
the  surrounding  country,  is  raised  above  About 
it,  we  call  it  a  hill ;   and  a  very  high 
hill  is  called  a  mountain. 


The  highest  mountain 
in  the  world  is  Mount 
Everest,  in  Asia.  It  is 
nearly  five  and  a  half 
miles  high.  Though  it 
is  on  the  hottest  part 
of  the  globe,  it  is  cov- 
ered with  snow  all  the 
year  round. 

The  strangest  of  all 
mountains  are.,  the 
burning  mountains, 
called  volcanoes.  These 
are  mountain -peaks 
that  have  great  open- 
ings in  them  like  chim- 
neys. The  top  of  the  great  chimney  is  called 
the  crater  of  the  volcano  ;  and  through  the 
crater  steam,  melted  stones,  cinders,  and  other 
substances  are  at  times  thrown  out  from  within 
the  earth.  In  some  cases  the  great  outpourings 
from  volcanoes  have  covered  up  whole  cities^ 
with  all  their  inhabitants. 

Mountains  are  generally  seen  standing,  not 
alone,  but  in  long  rows  of  peaks.     Such  a  row  is 
called  a  mountain-(r/f«/;^  or  mountain-  chains, 
raiige.    Often  several  chains  or  ranges  °''  "■^ng^s. 
of  mountains  are  found  side  by  side,  with  wide 
plateaus  between  them. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Mt.  Everest,  —  Highest  Mountain 
on  the  Globe. 


1 .  Wliat  is  a  plain  ? 

A  plain  is  a  tract  of  low  and  generally  level 
land. 

2.  Describe  three  different  kinds  of  plains. 

The  prairies  and  pampas  are  immense  grassy 
plains,  deserts  are  vast  sandy  plains. 


10 


Divisions    of    Water. 


6. 


What  is  a  plateau  ? 

A  plateau  is  a  vast  elevated  plain. 

What  ts  a  valley  ? 

A  valley  is  the  low  land  between  hills  or 
mountains. 

What  Is  a  mountain  ?     What  is  a  hill? 

A  mountain  is  a  great  ridge  of  land  rising 
above  the  surrounding  country.  A  hill  is 
a  ridge  of  land  not  so  high  as  a  mountain. 

What  is  a  volcaiw  ? 

A  volcano  is  a  burning  mountain. 
What  is  a  nwuntain-chain,  or  mo2intai7i-range  ? 
A  mountain-chain,  or  range,  is  a  long  row  of 
mountain-peaks. 


♦  »- 


Reading-Lesson    VI. 

DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 


cat'a-ract 

crev'ice 

prec'i-pice 


source 

trib'u-ta-ry 

va'por 


Lakes  and  rivers,  seas,  gulfs,  bays,  and  straits, 
are  the  names  of  the  natural  divisions 
of  water,  —  six  divisions.  They  are  all 
shown  in  the  picture  and  map  below. 


Natural 
divisions 
of  water 


A  lake  is  a  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land, 
while  an  island  is  a  body  of  land  sur-  About 
rounded  by  water.  There  are  lakes  '^^^^" 
of  all  sizes,  from  little  ponds  to  great  sheets  of 
water  more  than  a  hundred  miles  long  and  wide. 
They  are  nothing  but  water  filling  great  hol- 
lows, or  basins,  in  the  land.  These  hollows  are 
filled  either  from  springs  bubbling  up  under 
them,  or  by  rivers  flowing  into  them. 

Let  us  follow  the  course  of  the  river  of 
which  we  have  a  picture  on  the  next  page. 
We  can  not  see  where  it  begins,  —  its  About 
source,  as  it  is  called.  We  may,  how-  ^  "v^""- 
ever,  be  sure  that  it  is  a  tiny  spring  in  the  hills. 
But,  you  may  ask,  how  does  the  spring  come 
there }  I  will  tell  you.  It  comes  from  the  rain 
or  snow,  falling  on  the  hills. 

The  rain  or  snow  falls  on  the  hill-tops,  and 
part  of  the  water  sinks  into  the  earth  and  rocks, 
through  little  crevices,  so  that  at  last  the  water 
fills  up  any  hollow  it  finds.  When  the  water 
has  filled  such  a  hollow,  it  bubbles  out  in  a 
spring,  and  runs  down  the  hillside  in  rills  or 
rivulets.  These  coming  together  form  a  larger 
stream  (called  a  brook,  creek,  or  branch)  ;  and 
these  in  their  turn  unite  to  form  the  still  larger 


Picture  of  Water  Divisions. 


PART     O  JF     THE 

JS  E  A     or      O  C  E  A  N 


Uap  of  Water  Divisions. 


Divisions    of    Water, 


II 


we 


Its  course. 


stream  called  a  river.  The  stream  follows  the 
slope  of  the  land,  bending  around  the  foot  of 
the  mountains.  Then 
notice  a  place 
where  it  fills 
a  hollow  in 
the  land,  thus  form- 
ins:  a  lake.  From  the 
foot  of  the  lake  the 
river  again  flows  on. 
It  is  soon  joined 
by  another  stream, 
which,  since  it  con- 
tributes its  water  to 
the    first    river,    is 

called    a    tributary.  

Later   in    its    course  ~""~^ 

it  runs  over  a  sloping  place  in  its  channel 
and  forms  a  rapid ;  next  it  falls  over  a  preci- 
pice, thus  forming  a  waterfall,  or  cataract.  It 
then  flows  on  and  on,  till  at  last  it  is  lost  in 
the  sea. 

A  river  with  all  its  branches  is  called  a 
river-system.  The  land  drained  by  a  river- 
system  is  called  a  basin,  and  the  dividing  ridge 
of  land  between  two  basins  is  known  as  a 
watershed. 

But  this  is  not  the  whole  story  of  the  river. 
The    river    not    only   flows    into   the 

\Vhere  it  _  -^  _ 

first  comes  occan,  —  it  comcs  up  f7'oin  it.  For 
^''°"'"  where  does  the  rain  which  fell  on  the 

hill-top,  and  made  the  spring,  come  from  ^  It 
comes  from  the  ocean. 

The  heat  of  the  sun  is  all  the  time  drawing 
What  the  i-ip  from  the  surface  of  the  sea  a  great 
sun  does.  ^q^lX  of  moisture  in  the  form  of  vapor, 
or  mist.  When  the  vapor  cools,  it  takes  the 
form  of  clouds.  When  these  clouds  are  blown 
to  where  it  is  colder,  as  against  the  chilly  tops 
of  mountains,  they  let  fall  their  water  in  rain 
or  snow. 

Seas,  gulfs,  bays,  and  straits  are  generally 
Parts  of  salt  waters, — parts  of  the  ocean.  A 
the  ocean,    gea,  gulf,  or  bay  is  a  body  of   water 


partly  or  nearly  surrounded  by  land.      These 
divisions    of   water  correspond  to  a  peninsula, 

which  is  a  body  of  land 
nearly  surrounded  by 
water.  A  strait  is  a 
narrow  passage  of  wa- 
ter connecting  two 
larger  bodies  of  water. 
It  corresponds  to  an 
isthmus,  which  is  a 
narrow  neck  of  land 
joining  two  larger  bodies  of  land. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  How  many  natural  divisions  of  water  are  there,  and 
what  are  they  f 

There  are  six  natural  divisions  of  water,  — 
lakes  and  rivers,  seas,  gulfs,  bays,  and 
straits. 

2.  What  is  a  lake  ? 

A  lake  is  a  body  of  water  surrounded  by 
land. 

3.  To  what  land  division  does  it  correspond? 

This  division  of  water  corresponds  to  an 
island. 

4.  What  is  a  river? 

A  river  is  a  large  stream  of  water  flowing 
through  the  land. 

5.  What  is  a  sea,  gulf,  or  bay  ? 

A  sea,  gulf,  or  bay  is  a  body  of  water  partly 
or  nearly  surrounded  by  land. 

6.  To  what  land  division  do  they  correspond? 
These   divisions   of    water   correspond   to    a 

peninsula. 

7.  What  is  a  strait  ? 

A  strait  is  a  narrow  passage  of  water  con- 
necting two  larger  bodies  of  water. 

8.  To  what  land  division  does  it  correspond? 

This  division  of  water  corresponds  to  an 
isthmus. 


12 


The    Hemispheres. 


Reading-Lesson    VII. 


THE   HEMISPHERES. 


Af'ric-an 

Ant-arc'tic 

Arctic 

At-lan'tic 

Asia  (.a's/il-a) 

Aus-tra'li-a 


Eu'rope  (u'rup) 

E-qua'tor 

hem'i-sphere 

In'dian 

O-ce-an'ic-a  (she-) 

Pa-cif'ic 


We  have  learned  about  the  smaller  divisions 
The  grand  of  land  and  water ;  but  we  have  not 
divisions,  gggj^  what  are  the  great  bodies  of  land 
and  the  great  bodies  of  water  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth. 

If  we  could  get  very  high  up  in  the  air,  so  as 
A  balloon  to  look  dovvn  On  our  world,  when  the 
view.  g^.j^  ^^g  shining  full  on  it,  that  half  of 

the  earth  which  the  sun  was  shining  on  would 
appear  very  much  as  in  this  picture. 


If  we  stayed  till  the  earth  rolled  round  so 
that  the  sun  shone  on  the  other  half,  it  would 
appear  very  much  as  in  this  picture.     And  in 


both  pictures  the  dark  parts  represent  land  and 
the  lighter  parts  water. 

Each  of  these  pictures  represents  one  half  of 
the  surface  of  the   earth.     Each  half  Ahemi- 
is  called  a  hcmispJiere,  and  this  is  not   sphere, 
a  hard  word  to  understand  :  for  we  know  that 
the  earth  is  a  sphere,  and  "  hemi "  means  half. 

In  the  map  on  the  next  page  we  see  the 
hemispheres  placed  side  by  side.  The  The  hemi- 
one  on  the  left  is  named  the  Western  spheres. 
Hemisphere,  and  the  one  on  the  right,  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere.  And  these  two  half- 
spheres  show  us  the  great  bodies  of  land  and 
water. 

There  are  five  grand  divisions  of  land.     Two 
are    in   the   Western    Hemisphere, — 

^  '  Grand 

North  America  and  South  America,  divisions 
These  are  called  the  Western  Conti-  °^  ^^"'^• 
nent.  Three  are  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere, — • 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  These  are  called 
the  Eastern  Continent.  In  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere are  also  a  great  island  called  Australia 
and  many  other  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
This  island-world  is  called  Oceanica. 

The    grand    divisions    of    water    are    called 
oceans.     Of   these   there   are   five, — 

Of  water. 

three     great     oceans,  —  the     racific, 
Atlantic,  and  Indian  oceans ;  and  two  smaller 
oceans, — the  Arctic  Ocean  in  the  North,  and 
the  Antarctic  Ocean  in  the  South. 

By  looking  at  the  map  we  see  that  there  is 
much    more  water  than    land.      Only  How  much 
about  one-quarter  of  the  earth's  surface 
is  land, — the  other  three-quarters  are  water. 

At  the  top  of  the  map  you  notice  the  words 
"North    Pole,"    and    at    the    bottom,   ^ 

'  A  word 

"South  Pole."     The  North  pole  is  the  about  the 
point  farthest  north  on  the  earth's  sur-  "p°^"- 
face ;  the  South  Pole  is  the  point  farthest  south. 
The  last  thing  we  need  to  observe  in  this  map 
is  a  line  marked  Equator.     It  stretches  across 
both  the  Western  Hemisphere  and  the  About  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere  :  so  that  we  may  Equator, 
think  of  it  as  a  line  running  quite  around  the 


The    Hemispheres. 


13 


earth.  There  is  really  no  such  line  drawn 
around  the  earth  ;  but  it  is  useful  to  imagine 
such  a  line,  and  to  mark  it  on  maps.  The 
Equator  is  just  midway  between  the  North  Pole 
and  the  South  Pole :.  hence  it  divides  the  earth's 
surface  into  two  hemispheres.  The  half  of  the 
earth  north  of  the  Equator  is  called  the  North- 
ern Hemisphere  ;  the  half  south  of  it,  the 
Southern  Hemisphere.  The  word  "equator" 
means  that  which  divides  equally. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


4. 


What  is  a  hetnisphere  ? 

A  hemisphere  is  one  half  of  the  eartn. 

What  is  the  half  of  the  earth  shown  in  the  left- 
hand  picture  called? 

The  Western  Hemisphere. 

What  is  the  half  of  the  earth  shown  in  the  right- 
hand  picture  called? 

The  Eastern  Hemisphere. 

What  is  a  continent  ? 

A  continent  is  one  of  the  largest  divisions 
of  the  land. 

I/otv  many  grand  divisions  of  land  are  there? 

There  are  five, — two  in  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere, called  North  America  and  South 


America ;  and  three  in  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere,  called  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa. 
6.    What  is  the  island-world  called? 

It  is  called  Oceanica, 
7-   What  is  an  ocean  ? 

An  ocean  is  one  of  the  largest  divisions  of 
the  water. 

8.  How  many  oceans  are  there  ? 

There  are  five  oceans,  —  the  Pacific,  Atlantic, 
Indian,  Arctic,  and  Antarctic  oceans. 

9.  How  much  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  is  land,  and 

how  tnuch  water? 
About  one-quarter  is  land ;  the  other  three- 
quarters  are  water. 

1 0.  What  is  the  North  Pole,  and  what  is  the  South  Pole  ? 
The  North  Pole  is  the  point  farthest  north  on 

the  earth's  surface,  and  the  South  Pole  the 
point  farthest  south. 

1 1 .  What  is  the  Equator  ? 

The  Equator  is  a  line  which  we  may  imagine 
as  running  quite  around  the  earth,  midway 
between  the  two  poles. 

12.  What  hemispheres  are  made  by  the  Equator? 
The  Northern  Hemisphere,  north  of  the  Equa- 
tor, and  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  south 
of  it. 


NORTH    POLE. 


NORTH    POLE- 


SOUTH  POLE 


SCUT  H   POLE 


Western  Hemisshere. 


Eastern  HemiEphere. 


14 


Western    Hemisphere. 


Western  IleEiispherc. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 


Which  continent  is  shown  on  the  map  of  tlie  Western 
Hcmisplicrc  ? 

Wliat  arc  tlic  two  grand  divisions  of  land  in  the  West- 
ern Continent  ? 

Part  cf  wliat  other  grand  division  is  shown  on  the 
map  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  ? 

In  what  direction  is  South  America  from  North  Amer- 
ica? In  what  direction  is  North  America  from  South 
America  ? 


Wiiich  grand  division  is  north  of  the  Equator? 

Wiiich  one  of  these  grand  divisions  is  crossed  by  the 
Equator  ? 

Wiiich  grand  division  is  wholl)-  in  the  Northern  Hemi- 
sphere ? 

Which  grand  division  is  mostly  in  the  Southern  Hemi- 
sphere ? 

What  ocean  is  in  the  northern  pv.vt  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere  ? 

What  ocean  is  in  the  eastern  part? 

What  ocean  is  in  the  southern  part? 

What  ocean  is  in  the  western  part  ? 


Eastern    Hemisphere. 


15 


Eastern  Hemisphere. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 


Which  continent  is  shown  on  the  map  of  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere? 

What  are  the  three  grand  divisions  of  land  in  the 
Eastern  Continent  ? 

What  great  island,  sometimes  called  a  continent,  is 
shown  in  the  map  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  ?  Afts. 
Australia. 

In  what  direction  is  Europe  from  Asia?  Africa  from 
Asia?     Europe  from  Africa?     Asia  from  Africa? 


Which  twc  g-and  divisions  of  land  are  north  o£  the 
Equator  ? 

Which  grand  division  is  crossed  by  the  Equator? 

Which  two  grand  divisions  are  wholly  in  the  Northern 
Hemisphere? 

Which  ons  is  partly  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere? 

What  ocean  is  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere? 

What  ocean  is  in  the  eastern  part  ? 

What  ocean  is  in  the  southern  part? 

What  ocean  is  in  the  western  part? 

What  ocean  is  south  of  Asia  ? 


i6 


The    Belts    of    Climate 


Reading-Lesson   VIII. 


THE   BELTS  OF  CLIMATE. 


frig'id 

ob-lique' 

ther-mom'e-ter 


tem'per-ate 

tor'rid 

ver'ti-cal 


Three 

notable 

facts. 


Let  us  now  put  together  three  facts  :  i.  We 
sret  our  heat  from  the  sun.  2.  It 
is  generally  cooler  every  day  in  the 
morning  and  evening  than  it  is  at 
noon.  3.  The  weather  in  most  parts  of  the 
world  is  hot  in  summer  and  cold  in  winter. 
Now,  any  one  can  see  that  at  ^noon  the  rays 
of  the  sun  fall  on  us  more  nearly  over 
vertical  our  hcads  (that  is,  more  nearly  vej^ti- 
^"'^  ca/)  than  in  the  morning  or  evening. 

oblique.  "^ 

And  if  we  watch  the  seasons  we  shall 
see  that  the  sun  goes  higher  up  in  the  sky 
in  summer  than  in  winter.  From  these  facts 
we  learn  that  the  sun's  rays  are  hottest  when 
they  fall  most  directly,  and  coldest  when  they 
fall  most  slantingly  (obliquely). 

Now  for  the  same  reason  it  is  in  some  parts 
j^  of  the  world  always  hot,  and  in  other 

heat  and      parts    always    cold.       The     sun    will 

always  give  most  heat  at  that  part  of 
the  world  where  its  rays  fall  most  directly, 
and  least  heat  where  they  slant  off  most.  The 
sun's  rays  give  most  heat  at  the  Equator,  and 
least  heat  at  those  two  opposite  points  called 
the  North  Pole  and  the  South  Pole. 

There  is  a  broad  belt  all  round  the  world,  on 
Belts  of  each  side  of  the  Equator,  where  the 
climate.  sunshine  is  always  hot.  There  are  two 
belts,  one  around  the  North  Pole  and  the  other 
around  the  South  Pole,  where  it  is  always  cold. 
Then  there  is  a  belt  north  of  the  Equator,  be- 
tween the  always-hot  and  the  always-cold  belt, 
where  there  is  a  hot  season  (summer)  and  a  cold 
season  (winter).  There  is  another  belt  of  the 
same  kind  south  of  the  Equator.  These  we 
call  temperate,  or  moderate,  belts.  The  tem- 
perate belts  have  the  different  seasons. 

By  "climate"  we  mean,  for  the   most  part, 


the  weather  as  regards  heat  and  cold.     And  in 
speaking  of  the  different  climates  we  zones 
use  the  word  zone,  which  means  the  °f  climate, 
same  thing  as  "belt." 

The  hot  zone  is  called  the  Torrid  (or  burn- 
ing) Zone.  The  cold  zones  are  called  Names  of 
the  Frigid  (or  frozen)  zones,  —  that  the  zones, 
around  the  North  Pole  being  the  North  Frigid 
Zone,  and  that  around  the  South  Pole  the 
South  Frigid  Zone.  The  temperate  zone  be- 
tween the  Torrid  Zone  and  the  North  Frigid 
Zone  is  called  the  North  Temperate  Zone  ;  and 
that  between  the  Torrid  Zone  and  the  South 
Frigid  Zone,  the  South  Temperate  Zone. 

One    other   fact    about    climate   you    should 
know  :  it  is  not  ahvays  the  case  that   Another 
places    in    the    Torrid    Zone   have    a  fact  about 
scorching  climate.     In  some  parts  of 
the  Torrid  Zone  it  is  so  cold  that  the  snow  lies 
all  the  year  round.     Let  us  see  why  this  is  so. 

We  have,  most  of  us  climbed  a  mountain  in 
summer-time.  Even  though  the  air  Aciimb 
was  hjt  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  and 
we  found,  if  the  mountain  was  a  lofty 
one,  that  when  we  reached  the  top  the  air  was 
cool.  If  we  had  taken  a  thermometer  with  us 
we  should  have  noticed  that  the  heat  was  many 
degrees  less  than  m  the  plain  below.  In  all 
parts  of  the  world,  the  higher  we  go  up  above 
the  earth'.s  surface  the  colder  it  is.  How 
strange  it  is,  that  by  climbing  a  mountain  three 
miles  high  we  can,  even  at  the  Equator,  pass 
through  all  climates,  from  that  of  the  Torrid 
Zone  to  that  of  the  Frigid  Zone ! 


climate. 


FOR  RECITATION. 


See  map,  page  17  ] 


1.  In    what  part  of  the  earth  does   the  sun  give  mosf 

heat  ? 

It  gives  most  heat  where  its  rays  fall  verti- 
cally, —  that  is,  at  the  Equator. 

2.  /«  what  part  does  it  give  least  heat? 

It  gives  least  heat  where  its  rays  fall  most 
obliquely, — that  is,  at  the  poles. 


Plants    and    Animals. 


17 


3.  What  does  the  word  "  zone  "  mean 
It  means  a  belt  of  climate. 

4.  Into  how  many  zones  is  the  earth'' s  surface  divided? 
Into  five  zones. 

5.  What  is  the  middle  zotic  called? 
It  is  called  the  Torrid  Zone. 

6.  What  are  the  two  zones  on  each  side  of  the  Torrid 

Zone  called? 

The  one  north  of  the  Torrid  Zone  is  called 


the  North  Temperate  Zone  ;  the  one  south 
of  it  is  called  the  South  Temperate  Zone. 

7.  Jl^hat  are  the  Frigid  zones  called? 

The  zone  around  the  North  Pole  is  called  the 
North  Frigid  Zone,  and  that  around  the 
South  Pole  the  South  Frigid  Zone. 

8.  Hfl7V  does  climate  depend  on  the  height  of  a  place  ? 
The  greater  the  height  of  a  place  the  colder 

its  climate  is. 


equItor;-! -TT - q^R-A-  B Z^-ME 


—  ftNTRRCTlCC//?Cif   _ 

SO\iTH   FRIG/D 

ZONE 


•TROPl  C  OF  CAPfilCORN  -,^^^ 

S  O    V  T  H 
-.'e^F^RATE  ZONE 


Reading-Lesson  IX. 

PLANTS    AND   ANIMALS. 


hip-po-pot'a-mus 
lich'en 


rhi-noc'er-os 
gi-raffe' 


Things  that  grow  from  the  ground  are  called 
vegeta-      flauts,  OX  Vegetables.     All  the  plants 


Uon. 


that  grow  naturally  in  a  country  are 
called  the  vegetation  of  that  country. 

Now,  we  need  to  think  a  great  deal  about 
Climate  cHmatc,  because  the  vegetation  of  a 
and  plants,  country  depends  mostly  on  its  climate. 
In  countries  where  the  climate  is  hot  and  moist, 
there  are  many  kinds  of  large  plants.  In  coun- 
tries where  the  climate  is  very  cold,  and  the 
frost  is  in  the  ground  nearly  all  the  time,  there 
are  few  plants,  and  these  are  small. 

The  plants  that  grow  in  the  Torrid  Zone  are 


called  tropical  plants.  The  vegetation  here  is 
very  rich.  Here  grow  great  forests,  many  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  palm-trees,  such  as  the  Tropical 
date-palm  and  the  cocoanut-palm  ;  and  plants, 
many  trees  from  which  we  get  the  most  beauti- 
ful kinds  of  wood  for  furniture,  as  mahogany 
and  rosewood.  Here  also  are  found  the  sugar- 
cane, coffee-plant,  tobacco-plant,  india-rubber 
tree,  spices  ;  and  many  delicious  fruits,  as  the 
banana,  pine-apple,  orange,  fig,  etc. 

In  the  Temperate  zones  grow  the  plants  we 
are  familiar  with,  —  the  elm,  oak,  pine,  pj^nts  of 
maple,    walnut,   and  hemlock  ;  wheat,  Temperate 
Indian-corn,  oats,  and  rye  ;  cotton  and 
tobacco ;  the  apple,  pear,  plum,  peach,  and  grape. 

The  farther  north  we  go  in  the  North  Tem- 
perate Zone,  and  the  farther  south  in  the  South 
Temperate  Zone,  the  more  scanty  the  vegeta- 


i8 


Plants    and    Animals. 


tion  becomes.  In  the  frozen  zones  the  trees 
are  mere  shrubs,  and  near  the  poles  there  are 
The  frozen  ^o  trccs  at  all,  and  the  only  plants 
zones.  are  dwarf  bushes,  mosses,  and  lichens. 
The  picture  opposite  shows  some  of  the  ani- 
»  .     ,        mals  belonginsf  to  the  different  zones. 

Animals  *-"      '-' 

by  zones.  In  the  Torrid  Zone  we  see  the  elephant, 
rhinoceros,  hippopotamus,  giraffe,  lion,  tiger, 
monkey,  crocodile,  ostrich,  etc.  In  the  Tem- 
perate zones  we  see  the  horse,  ox,  bison,  moose, 
grizzly  bear,  sheep,  goat,  kangaroo,  etc.  In  the 
Frigid  zones  we  see  only  the  whale,  polar-bear, 
reindeer,  walrus,  seal,  and  a  few  water-birds. 


3.  What  are  some  of  the  principal  tropical  plants  ? 
They  are  different  kinds  of   palm-trees,  the 

mahogany,  rosewood,  and  india-rubber 
trees,  the  sugar-cane  and  coffee-plant,  to- 
gether with  many  delicious  fruits. 

4.  What  can  you  say  of  the  nature  of  the  vegetation  in 

the  Temperate  zones  ? 
The  vegetation    of   these   zones    consists  of 
trees,  grains,  and  fruits  similar  to  those  with 
which  we  are  most  familiar  in  our  country. 

5.  What  of  the  vegetation  of  the  Frigid  zones  ? 

In   these  regions  are  found  only  such  small 
plants  as  mosses  and  lichens. 


Plants  by  Zones. 


FOB  RECITATION. 


1 .  What  is  meant  by  the  vegetation  of  a  country  ? 
The  vegetation  of  a  country  means  all  the 

plants  that  grow  naturally  in  that  country. 

2.  On  what  does  the  vegetation  of  a  country  depend? 
It  depends  mostly  on  its  climate. 


I 

6.  Name  some  of  the  chief  animals  in  the  different  zones. 
The  elephant,  rhinoceros,  giraffe,  lion,  tiger,  \ 
hippopotamus,  crocodile,  ostrich,  in  the 
Torrid  Zone ;  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  swine, 
the  bison,  moose,  grizzly  bear,  in  the  Tem-  j 
perate  zones  ;  the  whale,  polar-bear,  rein- 
deer, walrus,  and  seal,  in  the  Frigid  zones. 


About    Mankind. 


19 


Animals 


Reading-Lesson    X. 


ABOUT    MANKIND. 


ag'ri-cul-ture 
Cau-ca'sian 
civ'il-ized 
Es'ki-mo 


Ma-lay' 

man-u-fac'tur-ing 
Mon-go'lian 
oc-cu-pa'tion 


The  earth  is  interesting  to  us  chiefly  because 
The  earth  '*-  ^^  our  dwelHug-place.  It  is  impor- 
our  dwell-  tant  because  it  is  the  home  of  mankind: 
ing-p  ace.     ^-^^^   .^^  ^^  ^^^  v!\Qn   and  women  and 

children  that  live  in  its  various  parts. 

We  find  that  there  are  very  different  kinds 
Races  of  of  men,  and  these  different  kinds  of 
'"^^  men    we    call    races.     Thus  we   often 

hear  of  the  Caucasian  race.  This  is  called  the 
white  race,  and  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Secondly,  there  is  the  yellow,  or  Mon- 
golian race,  found  principally  in  Asia :  the  Chi- 
nese belong  to  this  race.  Thirdly,  there  is  the 
black,  negro,  or  African  race,  found  in  Africa 


by  Zones. 

and  North  America.  The  fourth  race  is  nanaed 
the  Red  or  copper-colored  race,  or,  as  we  com- 
monly call  them,  the  Indians :  these  are  the 
children  of  the  people  who  were  found  living  in 
America  when  the  white  people  of  Europe  first 
came  here.  The  fifth  race  is  the  brown,  or 
Malay  race,  found  in  Asia  and  the  islands  of 
Oceanica. 

There  are  differences  among  men  far  greater 
than  differences  in  complexion  and  civiuzed 
features.  We  ask  which  kinds  of  peo-  peoples, 
pie  are  the  best  educated,  and  are  the  most 
skilled  in  finding  out  and  doing  things  which 
are  useful  for  all  the  world }  Which  are  making 
the  most  progress .''  And,  when  we  find  a  peo- 
ple very  much  noted  for  all  these,  we  say  that 
they  are  a  highly  civilized  people. 

When  we  find  people  who  are  not  so  enlight- 
ened, but  who   still  are   not   savages,  ^^'"'- 

"  civilized 

and  seem  to  be  on  the  way  to  become  peoples, 
civilized  people,  we  call  them  Jialf-civilised. 


20 


About    Mankind, 


Savage 
races. 


;c£ni  m 


The  races  who  are  the  least  civilized,  —  who 

have  no  written  language,   and   only 

the   rudest    arts,  —  are   called    savage 

races.    Those  which  have  made  a  little  progress 

in  civilization  are  known  as  barbarian  races. 

The  different  ways  of  living  are  called  the 
states  of      "states   of  society;"   and   so  we   say 
society.       that  there  are  three  states  of  society,  — 
the  civilized,  half-civilized,  and  savage  states. 
Among  all  kinds  of  men  there  are  several 
bodily  needs.    The  first  of  these  is  the 
need  of  food.     In  very  hot, countries 
the  best  food  consists  of  grain  and  fruits ;  and 
we  find  that  in  such  countries  these  things  grow 
in  great  abundance.     But  the  people  of  very 
cold  climates  need  such  food  as  will  produce 
heat  in  the  body ;  and  nothing  is  so  good  for 
this  as  animal  food,  and  especially  oils. 

There   is   another  want   of    mankind.      It   is 


Food. 


About    Mankind 


21 


Clothing. 


Shelter. 


clothing.  In  the  hottest  parts  of  the  world 
people  require  little  clothing,  and  that 
chiefly  to  protect  them  from  the  heat. 
In  the  far  northern  regions,  and  especially  in 
the  Frigid  zones,  the  very  warmest  clothing, 
such  as  the  skins  of  animals,  must  be  used. 
A  third  want  is  that  of  shelter.  Even  the 
lower  animals  make  for  themselves 
some  kind  of  shelter.  You  have  only 
to  think  of  the  house  of  the  beaver,  the  den  of 
the  w^olf,  the  cell  of  the  bee,  the  nest  of  the 
bird.  Probably  men  in  very  early  times  lived 
in  caves  no  better  than  bears'  dens  ;  and  even 
now  the  huts  and  dwellings  of  many  savage 
tribes  are  very  rude..  But  in  all  civilized  coun- 
tries men  have  learned  to  build  good,  lasting, 
and  beautiful  houses. 

These  three  things  — food,  clothing,  and  shel- 
wants  *er  —  are  called  the  principal  ivants 
of  mf.i.  Qf  mankind.  It  is  true  that  if  we 
were  like  some  savage  tribes  we  should  have 
very  few  wants,  and  these  would  be  easily  sup- 
plied. Suppose  we  lived  in  a  country  where 
bread-fruit  or  banana  trees  grow  in  plenty,  and 
without  any  care  from  man,  we  should  only 
have  to  pluck  the  fruit  to  get  what  food  we 
wanted.  In  such  a  country  the  people  need 
little  clothhig,  and  as  for  shelter  they  can  build 
huts  of  as  simple  a  kind  as  the  nest  a  bird 
builds  of  straw  and  twigs. 

But  in  civilized  countries  people  can  not  get 
_,        .       alons:  in  this  simple  way.      We  have 

These  give  o  r  j 

rise  to  oc-  very  many  different  wants.  And  it 
cupa  ions.  .^  found  bcst  that  a  man,  instead  of 
being  his  own  farmer,  builder,  and  mechanic, 
should  do  only  one  kind  of  work,  or  often  ni- 
deed  a  very  small  part  of  one  kind  of  work. 
Hence  we  have  various  kinds  of  business. 
These  are  called  the  occKpdtions  of  man. 

There  are  three  principal  occupations, — agri- 
culture, manufacturing,  and  commerce. 

Agriculture.  .  .  .     . 

Agricultu7-e  is  the  tilling  of  the  soil. 
That  part  of  farming  which  has  to  do  with  live- 
stock (that  is,  horses,  mules,  cattle,  sheep,  and 


hogs)  is  called  grazing.  That  part  which  has 
to  do  with  milk,  and  with  the  making  of  butter 
and  cheese,  is  called  dairying. 

And  here  we  may  see  how  close  to  one  another 
the  different  kinds  of  business  come.  For  the 
making  of  butter  and  cheese,  as  they  are  now 
for  the  most  part  made,  —  in  large  factories 
and  "creameries,"  —  is  really  a  branch  Manufac- 
of  the  second  great  occupation,  name-  *"""£• 
ly,  ntatmfacturing.  Manufacturing  is  the  occu- 
pation of  those  people  who  make  articles  of  use 
or  ornament.  The  word  "  manufacturing " 
means  making  by  hand.  But  the  goods  now 
made  by  hand  are  very  few  indeed  compared 
with  the  vast  quantity  made  by  machinery. 
Some  other  kinds  of  work,  such  as  lumbering 
and  mining,  are  also  to  be  thought  of  rather  as 
branches  of  manufacturing  than  as  separate 
occupations. 

The  third  occupation  is  commerce,  w^hich  just 
means  trading.  Trading  between  dif- 
ferent countries  is  called  foreign  com- 
merce. Trading  between  different  parts  of  the 
same  country  is  called  domestic  commerce. 
Goods  sent  out  of  a  country  are  called  exports ; 
goods  brought  into  a  country  are  called  imports. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Commerce. 


1 .  How  many  races  of  men  are  there  f 
There  are  five  races  of  men. 

2.  What  are  they  ? 

They  are  the  white,  or  Caucasian  race ;  the 
yellow,  or  Mongolian  race ;  the  brown,  or 
Malay  race  ;  the  black,  negro,  or  African 
race ;  and  the  copper-colored,  or  Indian 
race. 

3.  How  many  states  of  society  are  there? 

There  are  three  states  of  society,  — the  civil- 
ized, half-civilized,  and  savage  states. 

4.  What  are  the  principal  bodily  wants  of  man  ? 
They  are  food,  clothing,  and  shelter. 

6.    What  are  the  three  principal  occupations  of  man  f 
Agriculture,  manufacturing,  and  commerce. 


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CENTKAI. 


NORTH  AMERICA    ^ 


SCALE  OF  STATUTE  MILES 


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43 


Longitude 


3S 


from 


"Washington         13 


3  'West 


East 


Nature    of    the     Country 


23 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Countries. — What  country  forms  the  north-east- 
ern part  of  North  America?  What  country  includes 
the  middle  part  of  North  America?  What  country 
north  of  the  United  States?  What  country  south  of 
the  United  States?  What  country  between  Mexico 
and  South  America?     Where  are  the  West  Indies? 

Islands.  — What  island  east  of  Greenland?  What 
large  island  east  of  Canada?  What  are  the  four 
largest  islands  in  the  West  Indies?  What  islands 
west  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada? 


Peninsulas.  — What  peninsula  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Canada?  In  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  United 
States?  In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Mexico?  In  the 
north-western  part  of  Mexico  ?     In  Alaska  ? 

Capes. — What  cape  is  the  southern  point  of 
Greenland?  What  cape  is  the  south-eastern  point  of 
Newfoundland  ?  Name  two  capes  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  the  United  States.  What  cape  is  the  south-eastern 
point  of  the  United  States?  What  cape  is  the  south- 
ern point  of  Lower  California?  What  cape  is  the 
most  westerly  point  of  North  America? 

Coast  Waters. — What  bay  west  of  Greenland? 
What  strait  connects  it  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?    Wliat 


large  bay  in  Canada?  What  strait  connects  it  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean?  What  gulf  south  of  Labrador? 
What  large  gulf  south  of  the  United  States  ?  What  sea 
east  of  Central  America?  What  gulf  in  the  western 
part  of  Mexico?     What  sea  west  of  Alaska? 

Mountains.  —  What  great  mountains  extend 
through  Canada  and  the  United  States  ?  What  moun- 
tains near  the  Pacific  coast?  What  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Mexico  ?  What  mountains  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  United  States  ? 

Lakes.  —  What  four  large  lakes  are  wholly  in  Can- 
ada? What  five  great  lakes  are  drained  by  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean? 

Rivers. — What  large  river  flows  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean?  Into  Hudson  Bay?  Into  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence?  What  are  the  two  largest  rivers  flowing 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  What  river  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  California?  What  is  the  largest  river  flowing 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  What  large  river  flows  through 
Alaska  ? 

Capitals.  — What  is  the  capital  of  Canada?  A/is. 
Ottawa.  Of  the  United  States?  Aus.  Washington, 
Of  Mexico?     Ans.  Mexico. 


»§^9^ 


NORTH     AMERICA 


Reading-Lesson    XL 


NATURE  OF  THE   COUNTRY. 


Ap-pa-la'chi-an 
gey'ser  igl'-) 


Mis-sis-sip'pi 
Si-  er'ra-  Ne  -  va'da 


Here  we  see  a  map  of  the  grand  division  of 
North  land    called  North  America.    As  this 

America,  jg  q^^.  jiome,  wc  wish  to  Icam  all  about 
it, — its  mountains  and  rivers,  climates  and 
countries,  productions  and  people. 


First,  we  must  learn  in  what  part  of  the  world 
it  is.     Now,  by  looking  at  the  map  we  q^^^ 
see  that  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  to   the  around 
west  of  North  America,  and  the  At-     '"^'■"^^• 
lantic  Ocean  to  the  east.     If  we  take  passage 
on  a  steamer  at  New  York  or  Boston,  and  sail 
for  about  ten  days  to  the  eastward,  across  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  we  shall  reach  the  western  part 
of  Europe.     We  may  land  at  some  seaport  in 
England  or  France  or  Spain. 


24 


Nature    of    the    Country, 


Scene  in  the  Land  of  Ice. 


was  dis 
covered 


It  was  from  a  seaport  in  Spain  that  Columbus, 
nearly  four  hundred  years  ago,  set  out 
America  On  his  wonderful  voyage.  What  did 
he  expect  to  find  ?  America  ?  No  :  he 
hoped  that  by  sailing  westward  over 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  he  would  reach  India.  For 
thirty  days  he  sailed  on  and  on,  in  his  little 
caravels,  with  only  his  brave  soul  to  uphold  the 
sinking  hearts  of  his  crew.  At  last  he  came  to 
some  islands ;  and  as  he  thought  he  had  arrived 
at  a  part  of  India,  he  called  these  islands  the 
West  Indies,  the  other  India  being  the  £asl 
Indies.  But  he  was  in  no  part  of  Asia.  He 
had,  without  knowing  it,  discovered  a  new  con- 
tinent, between  Europe  and  Asia ! 

North  America  is  third  in  size  of  the  five 
grand  divisions  of  land ;  Asia  and 
Africa  are  larger,  and  Europe  and 
South  America  are  smaller.  It  is  a  vast  conti- 
nent, so  long  from  north  to  south  that  it  stretches 
from  the  North  Frigid  through  the  North  Tem- 
perate into  the  Torrid  Zone ;  so  that,  while  it  is 
always  winter  in  its  northern  part,  and  temper- 
ate in  the  middle,  it  is  always  summer  in  its 
soutl^iern  part. 

First  we  must  learn  something  about  the  sur- 
face of  the  country.     Some  of  the  boys 
and  girls  who  study  this  book  live  in 
cities  on  or  near   the  shores  of  the  Atlantic 


Description, 


Ocean.  These  children  know  that  the  country 
about  them  is  for  the  most  part  not  very  much 
higher  than  the  seashore.  But  others  may 
live  in  the  far  western  mountain-land :  let  us 
say  that  they  live  at  Denver,  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  {See  map  of  the  United  States, 
pp.  JO,  Jl.)  Now,  the  home  of  these  children 
is  more  than  a  mile  higher  than  the  homes  of 
those  who  live  near  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  and 
they  see,  all  around  where  they  live,  lofty  moun- 
tains rising  thousands  of  feet  higher  into  the 
clouds.  Tnus  we  learn  that  the  surface  of  North 
America  differs  very  much  in  different  parts. 

This  is  very  clearly  shown  on  the  map  on  the 
opposite    page.      The    parts    that    are 
colored    green    are     low    lands ;     the 
parts  that  are  colored  yellow  are  high   lands. 

Now,  where  is  the  greatest   highland  region 
of   North   America  ?     In  the  western  p^j-ifi,,  ^^ 
part,  and  you  may  see  it  named  on  this  western 
map  as  the  "Pacific  Highland."     Here     '^ 
are  those  great  mountains,  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, which  extend  from  north  to  south  about 
four  thousand  miles. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  are  very  high,  some 
of  the  peaks  being  from  fifteen  thou-  Rocky 
sand  to  eighteen  thousand  feet  above  Mountains, 
the  sea.  In  many  places  they  can  not  easily 
be  crossed ;  and  a  few  years  ago,  when  we 
began  to  build  a  railroad  across  the  continent, 
the  surveyors  had  to  choose  with  great  care 
the  best  "  passes  "  for  the  iron  track. 


Surface. 


Scene  in  the  Hot  Lands. 


Nature    of    the    Country. 


25 


In  the  Pacific  or  Western  Highland  are  other 
mountains,  which  you  may  see  on  the 
map.  All  this  region  is  the  wonder- 
land of  the  continent.  Here  may  be  seen 
snow-covered  peaks  and  flam- 
ing volcanoes,  fearful  preci- 
pices, great  cataracts  and  gey- 
sers, and  here  much  gold  and 
silver  are  mined.  It  is  still 
the  wild  part  of  North  Amer- 
ica, and  is  the  home  of  savage 
Indians  and  of  the  panther, 
bison,  and  grizzly  bear. 

We  now  look  eastward  to 
Eastern  ^^^  Atlantic  side  of 
Highland,  the  Continent,  and  we 
there  see  the  Eastern  High- 
land, extending  from  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  nearly  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  You  have 
no  doubt  heard  of  the  Green 
Mountains  or  the  White  Moun- 
tains, of  the  Catskills  or  the 
Blue  Ridge ;  these  ranges  all 
belong  to  the  Appalachian 
Mountains. 

The  Appalachian  Mountains 
are  not  nearly  so  long  as  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  their 
highest  peaks  are  only  one- 
third  the  height  of  some  of  the 

lofty  summits  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains ;  but  they  are  rich  in  coal  and 
iron,  and  their  sides  are  covered  with  valuable 
forests,  and  in  them  rise  hundreds  of  streams, 
which  as  they  flow  to  the  sea  turn  the  machine- 
ry of  thousands  of  mills. 

If,  now,  we  look  between  the  two  great  moun- 
centrai  taiu-rcgions,  what  do  we  see .''  We 
Plain.  ggg  ^  ^,^gj.  extent  of  lowland,  called 
the  Central  Plain,  the  northern  part  of  which 
is  named  the  Arctic  Plain,  and  the  southern 
part  the  Mississippi  Valley.  We  must  not  think 
that  this  great  plain  is  all  quite  flat ;  for  even 


on  the  prairies  we  find  rounded  hills  and  wave- 
like swells  of  land.  Still,  for  the  most  part  the 
Central  Plain  is  low  and  level  ;  and  we  might 
here  go  northward  the  whole  length  of  North 


Description. 


Physical  Map  of  North  America. 

America,  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  without  coming  to  a  single  mountain. 

How  different  it  would  be  if  we  should  make 
a  journey  across  the  continent  from  East  and 
east  to  west !  For,  after  leaving  the  "'"*• 
lowland  of  the  Atlantic  slope,  we  should  climb 
the  Appalachian  Mountains,  cross  the  broad 
plain  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  rise  to  the  lofty 
plateau  of  the  Pacific  Highland,  and  at  last, 
passing  down  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains,  find  ourselves  again  at  the 
level  of  the  sea  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 


36 


Lakes    and    Rivers, 


FOR  RECITATION. 

1 .  Between  what  oceans  is  North  A  inerica  ? 

It  lies  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the 
east  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 

2.  What  of  the  size  of  North  America  ? 

North  America  is  larger  than  South  America 
or  Europe,  but  smaller  than  Asia  or  Africa. 

3.  What  is  the  great  mountain-region  of  North  A  merica  ? 
The  Pacific  or  Western  Highland. 

4.  What  are  the  great  moujitains  of  this  Highland? 
The  Rocky  Mountains. 

5.  What  motmtains  are  in  the  Eastern  Highland? 
The  Appalachian  Mountains. 

6.  What  is  the  lowland  betweeti   the  two   mountain- 

regions  called? 
It  is  called  the  Central  Plain. 

7.  How  is  the  Central  Plain  divided? 

The  Central  Plain  is  divided  into  the  Arctic 
Plain  and  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

8.  What  are  the  chief  products  of  N^orth  America  ? 
Iron,  lead,  copper,  gold,  silver,  great  forests 

of  valuable  timber,  wheat,  Indian-corn,  and 
cotton. 


Reading-Lesson    XIL 


LAKES  AND   RIVERS. 


A-las'ka 
Ri'o  Grande 
Ken-ne-beC 


Ni-ag'ar-a 

On-ta'ri-o 

Yu'kon 


Lakes. 


In  no  other  part  of  the  globe  are  lakes  found 
on  so  grand  a  scale  as  in  the  northern 
half  of  North  America.  Many  of  them 
are  vast  fresh-water  seas,  and  are  sometimes  as 
stormy  as  the  ocean  itself.  The  most  remark- 
able of  these  bodies  of  water  are  the  "  Great 
Lakes."  These  are  between  our  own  country 
and  Canada,  and  hence  are  of  great  use  to  trade 
and  travel.  Hundreds  of  steamers  sail  on  these 
inland  seas. 


The  "  Great  Lakes  "  are  Superior,  Michigan, 
Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario.  Lake  Su-  Niagara 
perior  is  the  largest :  it  is  more  than  ^^"^• 
three  hundred  and  fifty  miles  long,  and  a  hun- 
dred and  sixty  miles  wide.  Lake  Erie  is  joined 
to  Lake  Ontario  by  the  Niagara  River ;  and 
here  are  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  —  the  grandest, 
though  not  the  most  lofty,  cataract  in  the  world. 
The  Indians,  who  have  left  us  so  many  beautiful 
names,  called  these  great  falls  0-ni-aw-ga-rah, 
which  means  the  "Thunder  of  Waters." 

Another  chain  of  large  lakes  stretches  in 
a  north-westerly  direction  in  the  far  Northern 
northern  part.  These  vast  lonely  lakes,  ^^''^^• 
the  home  of  millions  of  wild-fowl,  can  be  used 
by  the  boats  of  trappers  and  the  canoes  of  In- 
dians only  in  the  short  summer.  In  the  long 
winters  they  are  closed  by  ice,  and  are  then 
traveled  over  on  sledges  by  the  fur-hunters. 

There  are  many  very  large  rivers  in  North 
America.  The  Mississippi,  meaning,  "Father of 
in  the  Indian  language,  "  Father  of  waters." 
Waters,"  is  the  longest  river  in  the  world.  In- 
cluding the  Missouri  as  part  of  its  course,  it  is 
four  thousand  miles  in  length.  It  is  not  only 
the  longest,  but  perhaps  also  the  most  useful, 
river  in  the  world.  Why  is  this .''  Because, 
with  its  tributaries  flowing  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  its  tributaries  from  the  Appa- 
lachian Mountains,  it  waters  an  immense  rich 
valley  inhabited  by  many  rnillions  of  people, 
and  is  a  great  natural  highway  for  trade. 

The  St.  Lawrence  is  a  very  noble  river.  See 
what  feeds  it !  Not  tiny  springs,  but  st.  ls 
those  five  inland  seas,  the  "  Great 
Lakes."  The  St.  Lawrence  flows  through  Can- 
ada, and  in  the  cold  winters  it  is  frozen  over 
for  five  months  ;  still  it  is  a  very  useful  river, 
for  during  the  rest  of  the  year  hundreds  of 
steamers  and  other  vessels  sail  upon  it. 

Among  other  large  rivers  are  the  Rio  Grande 
(meaning  great    river),   and    the    Co-  other 
lumbia.     Both  these  rivers  rise  in  the  "^ers. 
Rocky  Mountains.     They  are  not  so  useful  as 


..aw- 
rence. 


Animals,  Races,  and  Countries 


27 


the  Mississippi  or  St.  Lawrence,  because  they 
have  many  rapids  or  shallow  places,  which  keep 
steamers  from  making  long  trips  on  them. 

The  two  large  rivers  of  the  Arctic  Zone  are 
Arctic  the  Mackenzie  and  the  Yukon.  The 
rivers.  fjj-g^-  jg  \ong  and  navigable,  but  it  flows 
through  a  poor  country,  and  is  closed  by  ice 
for  nine  months  in  the  year.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  the  Yukon,  which,  however,  has  some 
interest  for  us  because  it  flows  through  Alaska, 
which  belongs  to  the  United  States. 

In  the  eastern  part  are  many  fine  rivers.  We 
Eastern  havc  all  heard  of  the  Kennebec  and 
rivers.  ^j^g  Pcuobscot,  dowu  which  are  floated 
millions  of  logs  from  the  pine-forests  of  Maine  ; 
of  the  Merrimac  and  the  Connecticut,  which 
turn  so  many  millions  of  spindles  ;  of  the  beau- 
tiful Hudson,  the  noble  Potomac,  and  the  broad 
Savannah. 

It  must  not  be  thought,  that,  because  a  river 
Why  is  very  long,  it  must  therefore  be  very 

useful.  useful.  Almost  every  pupil  knows  of 
some  river  near  where  he  lives,  which  may  not 
be  a  tenth  part  as  long  as  the  Mackenzie  River, 
and  yet  which  is  of  very  great  use,  either  be- 
cause steamers  can  sail  on  it,  or  because  it 
turns  the  machinery  of  mills. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Reading-Lesson    XIIL 


ANIMALS,   RACES,  AND  COUNTRIES. 


1.  IV/ia^  are  the  "  Great  Lakes  "  ? 

The  "Great  Lakes"  are  Superior,  Michigan, 
Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario. 

2.  Which  is  the  largest? 

Lake  Superior  is  the  largest. 

3.  Which  is  the  longest  river  in  North  America  ? 
The  Mississippi. 

4.  What  can  you  say  of  the  Mississippi  f 

The  Mississippi  (including  the  Missouri)  is 
four  thousand  miles  in  length,  being  the 
longest  river  on  the  globe. 

f5.  Natne  four  other  great  rivers  of  North  America. 
The  Rio  Grande,  Columbia,  Mackenzie,  and 
Yukon. 


cou'gar 
man-a-tee' 


00-coo-coo' 
pu'ma 


It  is  a  curious  fact  that  none  of  our  familiar 
domestic  animals  were  found  in  the  American 
New  World  when  it  was  discovered,  animals. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  were  found  some  ani- 
mals that  belong  only  to  America,  and  for  the 
most  part  only  to  North  America.  Let  us  learn 
a  little  about  the  most  interesting  of  these. 
They  are  the  grizzly  bear,  bison,  musk-ox,  puma, 
big-horn,  bald  eagle,  wild  turkey,  alligator,  and 
manatee. 

The  dreaded  grizzly  bear  lives  in  the  moun- 
tains of  the  Pacific  Highland.  It  is  crizziy 
the  largest  and  fiercest  of  bears,  and  ''^*'^' 
is  often  found  nine  feet  in  length.  All  other 
animals  stand  in  fear  of  the  grizzly.  Among 
the  Indians,  to  kill  a  grizzly  has  always  been 
thought  a  great  honor.  A  necklace  formed  of 
the  claws  of  this  animal  is  the  greatest  prize  a 
hunter  can  have,  because  no  one  is  allowed  to 
wear  this  ornament  unless  he  has  himself  killed 
the  bear. 

The  bison,  usually  called  the  buffalo,  is  found 
only  in  North  America,  to  the  east  of 

■^  .  Bison. 

the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  has  a  fero- 
cious look,  with  its  short  curly  horns  and  its 
great  shaggy  coat  and  mane.  To  the  native 
Red  Man  the  bison  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
of  animals,  as  its  body  supplies  him  with  almost 
every  thing  he  needs. 

The  musk-ox  belongs  to  the  Arctic  region. 
It    has    very    large,    curiously-shaped 

-^  °  •  f  Musk-ox. 

horns,  which  form  a  kind  of  helmet 
on  the  top  of  the  forehead.  Its  hair  is  so  long 
that  it  almost  reaches  the  ground  ;  so  that  the 
animal  looks  more  like  a  large  sheep  or  goat 
than  an  ox.  The  skin  is  made  into  articles  of 
dress  by  the  Eskimos. 

The    puma,    sometimes    called    the    cougar, 
is    the    strongest    animal    of    the    cat    kind    in 


28 


Animals,    Races,    and    Countries 


Animals  of  North  America. 


Puma. 


North  America,  and  is  found  in  the  mountains 
and  forests  from  northern  New  York 
southward  to  Mexico.     It  lives  chiefly 

on    deer,  upon  which  it  springs  from  a  branch 

overhanging  their   paths    and    watering-places. 

It  will  kill  as  many  of  a  herd  as  it  can,  sucking 


only  a  little  of  the  blood  of  each.  It  is  cowardly 
by  nature,  and  will  flee  from  man ;  but  if 
wounded  it  will  turn  on  the  hunter,  and  fight 
him  fiercely. 

In  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  found  a  curious 
sheep  called  the  big-horn,  from  the  great  length 


Animals,  Races,  and  Countries, 


29 


of  its  horns.  It  is  hunted  as  game.  Often  on 
the  highest  mountain-peak  one  of  the 
ig-  orn.  ^^^^  jg  placed  as  a  sentinel,  and  while 
the  others  are  feeding  he  keeps  watch.  They 
have  even  sharper  eyes  and  quicker  smell  than 
the  deer ;  and,  when  the  sentinel  gives  the 
alarm,  the  whole  herd  scampers  up  the  moun- 
tain, higher  and  higher,  throwing  down  showers 
of  rocks  and  stones. 

The  white-headed  eagle,  generally  called  the 

bald  eagle,  is  the  largest  among  the 

feathered    tribes    of    North    America. 

You  know  that  the  white-headed  eagle  is  the 

emblem,  or  sign,  of  our  country  ;  but  perhaps  you 

have  never  heard  that  when  it  was  first  proposed 

to  use  the  eagle  to  represent  the  United  States, 

Benjamin   Franklin  opposed   the   idea,    saying 

that  "he  is  a  bird  of  bad  character,  and  does 

not    get    his    living   honestly."     This    is  quite 

true ;  for  the  bald  eagle  is  a  great  robber  and 

tyrant.     Yet    he    is   a  splendid    bird,  with  his 

outstretched  wings  (nearly  eight  feet  from  tip 

to  tip),  his  snowy  white  head  and  neck  shining 

in  the  sun,  and  his  large  hooked,  yellow  beak. 

The  wild  turkey,  the  finest  of  game-birds,  is 

a  native  of  North  America.     The  In- 

Turkey. 

dians  called  it  oocoocoo,  on  account  of 
the  funny  gobbling  sounds  it  makes  ;  and  per- 
haps this  is  a  better  name  than  "turkey,"  which 
was  given  to  it  when  it  was  first  brought  to 
Europe,  because  people  fancied  it  came  from 
Turkey  ! 
In  the  waters  of  the  Southern  States  is  found 
the  alligator.  This  huge  reptile  grows 
to  the  length  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  feet. 
Alligators  love  stagnant  ponds  and  the  creeks 
of  the  large  Southern  rivers,  where  they  may 
be  seen  in  great  numbers,  poking  their  great 
flat  heads  through  the  leaves  of  water-plants, 
and  watching  for  their  prey.  The  alligator  has 
been  known  to  seize  and  destroy  men  and  large 
animals. 

In  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  West   Indies 
is  a  huse  creature  which  looks  like  a  fish  and 


Alligator. 


Manatee. 


The  races. 


lives  in  the  water,  but  is  not  a  fish.  This  is 
the  manatee,  or  cow-fish.  It  is  some- 
times found  as  long  as  fifteen  or  twenty 
feet.  This  animal  inhabits  the  sea-shore,  and 
is  found  in  troops  near  the  mouths  of  rivers, 
feeding  on  water-plants  and  grasses.  It  is  of 
a  gentle  dispositicTn,  and  is  harmless  even  when 
attacked.  Its  flesh  is  good  to  eat,  and  its  oil 
and  thick  strong  skin  are  valuable. 

Besides  these  we  find  the  deer,  bear,  seal, 
beaver,  elk,  wolf,  wild-goose,  wild-duck,  and 
numerous  water-birds.  Large  herds  of  cattle, 
horses,  swine,  sheep,  and  other  domestic  ani- 
mals are  raised. 

There  are  three  principal  races  in  North 
America.  First,  there  is  the  white, 
or  Caucasian  race,  the  offspring  of 
settlers  from  different  countries  of  Europe. 
The  white  inhabitants  are  the  most  numerous ; 
they  are  highly  civilized,  and  are  engaged  in 
agriculture,  mining,  manufactures,  and  com- 
merce. Secondly,  there  is  the  colored  race,  the 
offspring  of  Africans  who  were  brought  from 
their  own  country  to  be  slaves  here.  They  are 
chiefly  employed  in  agriculture.  Thirdly,  there 
are  the  Indians,  or  Red  Men,  and  these  are  the 
offspring  of  the  native  inhabitants  of  America : 
they  are  savages,  and  live  by  hunting  and  fish- 
ing. There  are  also  many  Chinese  laborers  in 
different  parts  of  the  country,  and  a  few  Esqui- 
maux in  the  north,  who  live  by  hunting  and  fish- 
ing. The  Chinese  and  Esquimaux  belong  to 
the  Mongolian  race. 


FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  Name  some  of  the  native  animals  of  North  America. 

The  grizzly  bear,  bison,  musk-ox,  puma,  big- 
horn, bald  eagle,  wild  turkey,  alligator,  and 
manatee. 

2.  What  are  the  three  chief  races  of  North  Afnerica  f 

The  whites,  the  colored  people,  and  the  In- 
dians. 


50 


Longitude       West 


from       Greenwicli 


THE 

UNITED  STATES 

OF 

AMERICA 

SCALE  OF  STATUTE  MILES 


MAP    QUESTIONS. 

Boundaries.  —  What  country  north  of  the  United  States? 
What  country  partly  bounds  it  on  the  south?  What  ocean  is 
east?    West? 

Capes  and  Peninsulas.  —  What  three  capes  on  the  eastern 
coast?  What  two  on  the  western  coast?  What  is  the  largest 
peninsula  in  the  United  States  ? 

Coast  Waters.  —  Name  two  large  bays  on  the  eastern  coast  of 


the  United  States.  What  large  gulf  south  of  the  United 
What  bay  and  sound  on  the  western  coast?  j 

Mountains.  —  What  mountains  in  the  eastern  part?  M 
the  greatest  mountains  in  the  United  States  ?  What  thre 
near  the  Pacific  coast? 

LakeS.  —  What  four  lakes  are  between  the  United  St 
Canada  ?  What  lake  between  Michigan  and  Wisconsin: 
lake  between  New  York  and  Vermont?     What  lake  in  I 


31 


NEW    ENGLAND    STATES. 

{Colored  Green.) 

Maine.  Massachusetts. 

New  Hampshire.  Rhode  Island. 

Vermont.  Connecticut. 

MIDDLE    STATES. 

{Colored  Purple.) 

New  York.  Maryland. 

New  Jersey.  Delaware. 

Pennsylvania.  {District  of  Colicmbia.'] 

SOUTHERN     STATES. 

(Colored  Pink.) 


Virginia. 
West  Virginia. 
North  Carolina. 
South  Carolina. 
Georgia. 
Florida. 
Kentucky. 


Tennessee. 
Alabama. 
Mississippi. 
Louisiana. 
Arkansas. 
Texas. 

Indian  Territory 
\a  territory\. 


Ohio. 

Indiana. 

Illinois. 

Michigan. 

Wisconsin. 

Minnesota. 


CENTRAL    STATES. 

{Colored  Yellow.) 

Iowa. 

Missouri. 

Kansas. 

Nebraska. 

Dakota  [«  territory'). 


PACIFIC    HIGHLAND    AND    COAST. 

{Colored  Buff.) 

Territories. 


States 

Colorado. 
Nevada. 
California. 
Oregon. 


Montana. 

Wyoming. 

New  Mexico. 

Arizona. 

Utah. 

Idaho. 

Washington. 


es? 


are 
ges 


ind 
hat 

I 


Rivers.  — What  river  drains  the  great  lakes?  Name  three 
large  rivers  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  What  great  river 
drains  the  Mississippi  Valley?  What  is  the  largest  eastern 
branch  of  the  Mississippi  ?  The  largest  western  branch  ?  What 
two  large  rivers  flow  into  the  Mississippi  south  of  the  Missouri  ? 
What  river  forms  a  boundary  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico  ?  What  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  What 
large  river  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  United  States? 


States.  — How  many  groups  of  states  (sections) 
are  shown  on  the  map?  Name  the  states  of  each 
section.  Bound  each  section.  Bound  each  state. 
Which  states  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Which 
states  border  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  Which 
states  border  on  the  Pacific  Ocean?  What  states 
border  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  ?  On 
the  west  bank?  Which  states  border  on  the  Ohio 
River  ? 


32 


History    and    Government. 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


Washington  City. 


Reading-Lesson    XIV. 


HISTORY  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


Con'gress 
Con-sti-tu'tion 


Sen'ate 
Pres'i-dent 


Our  country  is  called  the  "  United  States." 
Why  so  It  is  so  named  because  it  is  made  up 
named.  gf  thirty-eight  states,  all  iinitcd,  or 
joined  together,  under  one  government.  Let 
us  first  learn  how  it  came  to  be  called  the 
United  States. 

We  have  already  seen  that,  after  Columbus 
Spaniards  discovcred  America,  the  Spaniards 
in  America,  yyeut  On  taking  Mexico  and  Central 
America,  and  the  West  Indies,  and  settled 
there.  Very  soon  the  Spaniards  were  masters 
of  all  the  southern  part  of  North  America. 
Indeed,  they  said  that  the  whole  of  America 
belonged  to  them.  For  about  a  hundred  years 
the  Spaniards  were  almost  the  only  white  peo- 
ple in  North  America.  Then  several  other 
nations  in  Europe  began  to  think  it  was  not 
right  that  the  Spaniards  should  own  all  the 
New  World. 


The  English  had  by  this  time  grown  to  be  a 
great  sea-faring  people,  and  from  time   g^^.,   ^^ 
to  time  English  ships  crossed  the  At-  Hsh  settie- 
lantic,  and  tried  to  make  settlements 
on  the  eastern  coast.     These  trials  all  failed  till 
early  in  the  seventeenth    century.     Then   one 
band  of  Englishmen  planted  themselves  firmly 
in  Virginia  (1607);  and  soon  afterwards  (1620) 
another  band,  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  made  their 
home  much  farther  north,  in  Massachusetts. 

As  time  passed,  other  settlements  were  made 
near  Virginia,  and  others  near  Massachusetts, 
and  still  others  between  the  two.  At  Their 
last  there  came  to  be  thirteen  of  these  s'^owth. 
settlements,  or  colonies.  They  were  all  under 
the  King  of  England,  and  they  were  all  on  or 
near  the  Atlantic  coast.  There  were  no  settle- 
ments west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains. 

These    are    the  names  of   the  thirteen  colo- 
nies :  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,   The  oia 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,   Thirteen. 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and 
Georgia. 

These  colonies  grew  more  and  more,  until  a 


lIlSTOKY      AND      GOVERNMENT 


33 


ittle  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago.  Then 
ndepend-  they  felt  that  the  EngHsh  king  was 
:nce.  treating    them    unjustly.      And    very 

soon  they  felt  that  they  could  get  along  with- 
out being  under  the  English  government.  In 
1776  they  declared  their  independence,  and 
;hey  won  it  after  a  long  war  of  seven  years. 

The  colonies  were  now  States.  So  they  joined 
<iew  gov-  together  as  a  nation  which  they  called 
srnment.  |-j^g  Uuitcd  States.  And,  as  they  had 
;hrown  off  the  rule  of  the  King  of  England, 
;hey  made  the  government  of  the  new  nation 
:juite  different  from  the  government  of  Eng- 
land. They  formed  a  republic,  which  means  a 
government  where  the  people  themselves  rule, 
:hrough  men  whom  they  choose  to  speak  for, 
Dr,  as  we  say,  to  represent  them. 

All  the  laws  and  rules  for  this  government 
rhe  Con-  the  wise  fathers  of  our  country  agreed 
stitution.  upon,  and  they  wrote  them  out  in  the 
Constitution.  The  Constitution  is  the  highest 
law  of  the  land. 

At  first  there  were  only  thirteen  states. 
But  as  the  people  grew  in  numbers, 
and  as  more  and  more  people  came 
here  from  old  and  crowded  countries,  they  be- 
^an  to  spread  out  beyond  the  mountains  into 
the  West.  They  drove  the  Indians  before 
them,  and  cut  down  the  forests,  and  built  cities, 
and  founded  new  states. 

So  now  there  are  thirty-eight  states  in  place 
Past  and  of  thirteen.  And  whereas,  at  the  time 
present.  when  the  Constitution  was  formed, 
:here  were  less  than  three  millions,  there  are 
now  over  fifty  millions  of  people  in  the  United 
States. 

In  our  government  the  body  of  men  chosen 
to  make  laws  is  called  Congress.     It 

-ongress. 

consists  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives. 
The  chief  officer  who  carries  out  the  laws  is 
the   President,  who    is    elected   for   a 
term  of  four  years.     The  Vice-Presi- 
dent is  also  chosen  at  the  same  time. 


3rowth. 


President. 


When  any  difficulty  arises  under  the  laws  of 
the  United  States,  the  Supreme  Court   supreme 
decides  what  is  right  in  the  matter.         ^°""- 

The  capital  of   the  United  States  is  Wash- 
ington,   which    is    in    the    District    of   National 
Columbia.      Here    Congress   and    the  "P't^i- 
Supreme   Court    meet,   and   the   President  has 
his  residence,  called  the  "White  House." 

Each    state    has    also    its    own    government. 
Each  has  its  representatives  to  make  state  gov- 
laws,  its  governor  to  carry  out  these   e^nments. 
laws,  and  its  courts  to  do  justice  under  them. 

FOR  RECITATION. 

1.  W/iy  is  our  country  called  the  United  States  ? 
Because  it  is  made  up  of  states  united  under 

one  government. 

2.  What  were  the  first  English  settlements  made  in  the 

United  States  ? 

The  settlement  in  Virginia  (1607),  and  that 
in  Massachusetts  (1620). 

3.  How  many  colonies  were  there  whefi  our  country  was 

under  British  rule  ? 

There  were  thirteen  colonies.    These  became 
states  by  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

4.  How  matty  states  are  there  now  ? 
There  are  thirty-eight  states. 

5.  What  is  the  population  of  the  United  States  now? 
It  is  over  fifty  millions. 

6.  By  what  body  are  the  laws  of  the  United  States  made  ? 
They  are  made  by  Congress,  consisting  of  the 

Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives. 

7.  Who  is  the  chief  executive  officer  under  our  govern- 

ment ? 

The  President,  elected  by  the  people  every 
four  years. 

8.  What  body  interprets  the  laws  of  the  United  States  ? 
The  Supreme  Court. 

9.  What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ? 

The  capital  is  Washington,  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 


33(«) 


Nature    of    the    Country. 


Reading-Lesson  XIV.  {a) 


NATURE  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 


In-ex-haust'i-ble 

pe-trole-um 

pla-teau' 

nick'el 

buf'fa-lo 

zinc 

cas-cade' 

lynx 

The  United  States  lies  in  the  central  part  of 
North  America,  and  is  wholly  in  the  North 
Temperate  Zone,  ex'cept  Alaska,  which  lies 
partly  in  the  North  Frigid  Zone.  It  extends 
about  three  thousand  miles  from  east  to  west, 
and  more  than  thirteen  hundred  miles 

Extent  and 

comparative  from  north  to  south.  It  is  almost  as 
^'^^'  large  as  Europe,  about  equal  in  area 

to  British  America,  and  three  times  the  size  of 
Mexico. 

The  surface  of  the  United  States  may  be 
divided  into  three  sections:  i.  The  Atlantic, 
Eastern  o^  Eastcm  Highland,  through  which 
Highland,  j-y^  the  various  ranges  of  the  Appa- 
lachian Mountains,  and  between  which  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  lies  the  narrow  but  fertile  At- 
centrai  lautic  Plain.  2.  The  Central  Plain, 
Plain.  or  Mississippi  Valley,  which  extends 
west  to  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
the  part  nearest  those  mountains  forming  the 
Great  Plains. 

West  of  this,  we  find,  3.  The  Pacific  or  West- 
ern Highland,  stretching  on  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Near  its  western  borders  are 
Pacific  or  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  the  Coast 
Highland.  Range,  with  the  Sierra  Nevada  Moun- 
tains somewhat  farther  inland.  Be- 
tween these  mountain-chains  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains  is  the  Plateau  Belt,  in  the  center 
of  which  lies  the  Great  Basin,  the  southern 
portion  of  which  is  a  desert. 

The  climate  in  the  northern  part  of  the  United 
States  is  cold,  and  during  the  short  summers 
only  the  hardier  kinds  of  grain,  fruit,  and  veg- 
etables can  be  raised.  In  the  south 
the  climate  is  very  warm,  vegetation 
is  luxurious,  and  many  tropical  fruits  abound. 

In  the  central   part  the    climate,  except  on 


Climate. 


the  summits  of  the  mountains,  is  mild,  and 
grain  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds  are  grown, 
Here,  too,  great  numbers  of  the  various  do 
mestic  animals  are  raised. 

The  soil  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  Unitec 
States  is  rich,  fertile,  and  well  watered,  espe 
cially  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  In  the  west- 
ern half,  much  of  the  Plateau  Belt  is 
rocky  and  sterile,  with  but  a  scanty 
supply  of  water.  The  Great  Plains,  or  prairies 
are  covered  with  a  rich  growth  of  grass  and 
herbage,  and  afford  excellent  pasture  for  cattle 
horses,  and  sheep. 

The  productions  of  the  United  States  ar€ 
numerous  and  valuable.     Rich  mines  ... 

Mineral 

of  iron,  immense  quantities  of  petro-  produc- 
leum,   or    rock-oil,    and    inexhaustible  ^'°"^' 
supplies    of    coal    are    found    in    the    Eastern 
Highland. 

In  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  are  ricli 
mines  of  copper,  while  in  the  Western  Higb 
land  gold  and  silver  are  found  in  abundance. 
Lead,  nickel,  and  zinc  are  found  in  various 
sections  of  the  country,  also  valuable  deposits 
of  salt,  slate,  and  numerous  kinds  of  building' 
stones. 

Wheat,  Indian-corn,  rye,  oats,  barley,  hay, 
and  tobacco,  as  well  as  numerous  fine  fruits  and 
vegetables,  are  produced  in  many  parts  ^^  etabie 
of  the  United  States,  while  in  the  produc- 
South,  rice,  sugar,  and  cotton  are 
raised  in  large  quantities.  The  vast  forests 
found  in  almost  every  section  furnish  an  im- 
mense amount  of  valuable  lumber. 

The  bear,  wolf,  panther,  deer,  lynx,  fox,  mink, 
and  other  wild  animals  are  found  in  -^-^^^ 
the  unsettled  districts  throughout  the  animals, 
country.  Flocks  of  wild  ducks  and  geese,  as 
well  as  other  water-birds,  are  found  along  the 
lakes  and  streams  ;  and  on  the  prairies  of  the 
far  West  a  few  herds  of  bison  (buffalo)  Domestic 
still  roam.  Cattle,  sheep,  horses,  and  animals, 
swine  are  raised  in  great  numbers  in  most  of 
the  settled  parts  of  the  country. 


Inhabitants 


33  W 


The  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  number 
inhabit-  more  than  fifty  milhons.  The  greater 
I    ants.  part  of   these    are   whites,    belonging 

to  the  Caucasian  race ;  they  are  highly  civil- 
ized, and  are  engaged  in  agriculture,  manufac- 
tures, mining,  and  commerce  both  foreign  and 
domestic. 

The  negroes  belong  to  the  black  or  African 
race,  and  are  employed  chiefly  in  agriculture ; 
they  number  about  one-eighth  of  the  entire 
population.  The  Indians  belong  to  the  Red 
race ;  they  are  savages,  and  get  their  living  by 
hunting  and  fishing.  The  Chinese  are  of  the 
Mongolian,  or  yellow  race,  and  are  employed 
chiefly  as  laborers  and  house-servants. 


FOR  RECITATION. 


1 .  What  is  the  size  of  the  United  States  ? 

The  United  States  is  three  times  as  larg-e  as 

o 

Mexico,  and  about  the  same  size  as  British 
America. 

2.  What  is  said  of  the  climate  of  the  United  States  ? 

The  climate  is  cold  in  the  north,  very  warm 
in  the  south,  mild  and  healthful  in  the 
intermediate  portion. 

3.  What  is  said  of  the  soil  of  the  Uttited  States  ? 

The  soil  is  fertile,  except  in  a  portion  of  the 
Western  Highland. 

4.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  in  the  easte^-ji  Jialf  of  tJie 

United  States  ? 

The  eastern  half  includes  the  Great  Central 
Plain,  and  the  Atlantic  Plain,  separated  by 
the  Appalachian  Mountain-system,  and  is 
in  general  low,  fertile,  and  well  watered. 

5.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  in  the  wester?!  halfoftJie 

United  States  ? 

The  western  half  is  known  as  the  Pacific 
or  Western  Highland,  which  contains  the 


Plateau  Belt,  with  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  the  east,  the  Cascade  and  Coast  ranges, 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  the 
west,  and  the  Great  Basin  in  the  center. 
Sloping  eastward  from  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  the 
Great  Plains.  The  Plateau  Belt,  except 
in  a  few  spots,  is  rocky  and  barren. 

6.  What  are  some  of  the  chief  products  of  the  United 

States  ? 

The  chief  products  of  the  United  States  are 
wheat,  Indian-corn,  hay,  oats,  lumber,  cot- 
ton, rice,  sugar,  tobacco,  cattle,  sheep, 
swine,  and  horses ;  iron,  coal,  petroleum, 
salt,  copper,  lead,  silver,  and  gold. 

7 .  What  are  some  of  the  best  kiiown  wild  animals  found 

in  the  United  States  ? 

The  bear,  panther,  wolf,  bison  (buffalo),  deer, 
and  fox  are  some  of  the  best  known  wild 

animals. 

8.  What  dofuestic  anitnals  are  raised? 

Large  numbers  of  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  and 
swine  are  raised. 

9.  Describe  the  white  inliabitants  of  the  United  States. 

The  whites,  who  belong  to  the  Caucasian 
race,  are  highly  civilized,  and  are  employed 
in  agriculture,  mining,  manufactures,  and 
commerce. 

10.  In   what  occupation   are  the  negroes   largely  em- 

ployed? 

The  negroes  are  largely  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture, and  belong  to  the  black  or  African 
race. 

1 1 .  What  is  said  of  the  Chinese  ? 

The  Chinese,  who  belong  to  the  Mongolian 
or  Yellow  race,  are  employed  as  laborers. 

12.  What  is  said  of  the  Ifidians  ? 

The  Indians  belong  to  the  Red  race,  are  sav- 
ages, and  live  by  hunting  and  fishing. 


34 


Longitude  West 


from 


Greenwich 


SCALE   OF  STATUTE   MILES 


D 


'iiiaaitTju 

'■s'\  --i,       ■      '-5 
•^  ooOstoci:'- 

iJiJtlfmd*    J, 

TON 


^,4  - 


N'eTrport 


1^ 


Falls 


Utaudjigton.*/ 

•Troy-  ^i  '3a>.  Jj— 

"{ALBANY  ^M  V*f,      .^-j  -  -s; 


■1  H. 


3aiain.er  S  2"  v-O 


KEaEKIl. 


Cape  Ann 
IloTic  ester 


JIassacTiusetti 


& 


fj 


■m 


B       ^ 


IS 


o 

NETTEKGLAJXD 


OR 


43 


w 


THE  EASTERN  SllATES. 


43 


■-.panvers-^ 


rwakefield 


J        Herbj* 
ij,     IBrit^cport 


-Middle  toi*^ 

Nevv  Haven 


TJ< 


41 


.Stamford 


New 


iiTJ., 


Cod 


V 


.:^£ 


«•      BLOCK  r. 
'Montauk  Point 


XNXNTnCKET 


> 


5     Lonpitude    East    from    Washington.     7 


N  ^-^i; 

7):-'"/. 


;oiror. 


Dedlisni 


TTeymoatli 


TTfrigTiftTa 


!MAP  op  BOSTOlN"  and  VICINITY'. 


Nature    of    the    Country, 


35 


THE    NEV^    ENGLAND    STATES. 


Vermont  and  New  York  ?  In  the  central  part  of  New 
Hampshire?  In  the  northern  part  of  Maine?  What 
are  the  three  largest  rivers  of  Maine?  What  is  the 
longest  river  of  New  England?  Between  and  through 
what  states  does  it  flow  ?  What  river  is  in  the  southern 
part  of  New  Hampshire  ? 

Of  what  state  is  each  of  these  cities 

Augusta. 


•,>^;^::^i-^^HiKa 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP. 

Which  are  the  New  England  States  ?  What  country 
is  north  of  this  section  ?  What  ocean  is  east  and  south 
of  New  England  ?  What  state  is  west  ?  Which  is  the 
largest  of  the  New  England  States?  The  smallest? 
Which  three  are  nearly  equal  in  size  ?  Which  has  no 
sea-coast  ?  What  range  of  mountains  extend  through 
Vermont?  What  mountains  are  in  New  Hampshire? 
What  mountain  in  Maine  ?  What  large  island  is  on  the 
coast  of  Maine?  What  two  south  of  Massachusetts? 
What  large  island  south  of  Connecticut?  What  two 
capes  are  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  ?  What  three 
bays  are  on  the  coast  of  Maine?  What  two  on  the 
coast  of  Massachusetts?  What  sound  between  Con- 
necticut  and   Long   Island?     What   lake  is  between 


Concord. 

montpelier. 
In  what  state  is  each  of  these 

Boston. 
chief  cities  ?     ....-{  Providence. 

New  Haven. 


Boston. 
Providence. 
Newport. 
Hartford. 

Manchester. 

Burlington. 

Portland. 


♦  » 


Reading-Lesson    XV. 


NATURE  OF   THE  COUNTRY. 


sleigh'ing  (sla') 
mount'ain-ous  {us) 


quar'ry-ing 
Pil'gTim 


What   a   number   of    busy   and    interesting 
scenes  !     Here  are  men  in  the  great 

°  The  picture. 

pine-forests,  cutting  down  trees,  and 
loading  the  timber  on  a  sled,  to  be  hauled  by 
a  team  of  oxen  to  the  river.  It  is  winter  ;  but 
when  spring  comes,  and  thaws  the  ice,  the  logs 
will  be  floated  down  to  some  large  saw-mill.  As 
we  are  speaking  of  ice,  we  may  glance  at   the 


36 


JNATURE      OF      THE      L-OUNTRY. 


"  ice-cutting- 


scene.  You  see  how  the  ice-plow, 
drawn  by  a  horse,  is  marking  the  ice  into  great 
blocks  ;  and  you  notice  the  very  large  "  houses," 
where  it  is  to  be  stored  till  summer  comes, 
and  the  heat  makes  everybody  wish  for  cool- 
ing ice.  In  the  corner  you  see  the  White 
Mountains ;  and  the  great  white  peak  which 
you  see  is  called  Mount  Washington. 

But  more  interesting  still  are  the  mill  and 
Mill  and  the  factory,  —  the  cotton-mill  and  the 
factory.  shoc-factory.  What  wonderful  places 
these  are,  to  be  sure !  What  millions  and  mil- 
lions of  yards  of  cotton  goods  are  spun  and 
woven  in  these  great  mills  every  year !  And 
the  shoe-factory  —  what  a  study  that  is  !  how  it 
recalls  the  old  times  —  not  so  very  old  either  — 
when  the  cobbler  at  his  "  last "  was  the  only  shoe- 
maker !  and  how  the  old  way  contrasts  with  the 
present  method,  which,  by  using  many  strange- 
ly contrived  machines, 
turns  out  boots  and  shoes 
with  such  quickness  as 
to  look  like  magic  ! 
All  these  scenes  are 
in  a  part  of 
the  United 
States  which 
we  are  now  to  learn 
something  about.  They 
are  in  Neiv  England. 
New  England  is  one 
of  the  sections  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  the 
north-eastern  section. 
But  why  ''New  Eng- 
land "  .-•  In 
memory  of 
Old  England.  And  it 
was  the  bold  Capt.  John 
Smith  —  whom  you 
may  have  heard  of  as 
having  a  great  deal  to 
do  with  settling  Vir- 
ginia— who  gave  it  this 


le  SIX 

5S. 


Climate. 


Where 
are  these 
scenes  ? 


Why  so 
named. 


Mt.  Wa^iliiut^iuu,  and  Railroad. 


name.     Before  ever  the  Pilgrim   Fathers  came 
over,  that  prince  of  all  adventurers  had  explored 
this  part  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  had  made  a  mapi 
of  it,  and  had  called  the  region  "New  England." 

There  are  six  New  England  states,  and  their^ 
names    are    Maine,    New    Hampshire,   The 
Vermont,    Massachusetts,  Rhode    Isl-  ^'^^^^ 
and,  and  Connecticut. 

Let  us  see  what  sort  of    country  New  Eng- 
land   is  ;    for    the    different    kinds    of 
work  that  people  turn  their  hands  to 
depend  very  much  on  the  sort  of  land  they  livej 
in.     If  you  look  at  New  England,  on  the  map 
of  the   United   States,  you  will   see  that  it  is] 
one  of  the  most  northern  parts  of  our  country. ' 
Hence  we  may  expect  the  winters  there  to  bej 
cold.     And  so  they  are.     The  winters  are  fourj 
or  five  months  long,  so  that  the  children  have 
plenty  of  coasting  and  sleighing.    But  the  sum- 
mers   are    warm,     anc 
ripen    corn    and    other  j 
grains,    and    the    fruits] 
and  vegetables   of   thej 
Temperate  Zone. 

It  needs  only  a  glance ' 

at    the   map  to     Faceofthe= 

show  us  that  """t^y- 
the  face  of  the  country 
is  hilly  or  mountainous. 
Not  that  it  is  all  of  this 
kind  ;  for  you  see  it  is 
mostly  that  half  which, 
is  away  from  the  coast 
that  is  very  hilly  or 
mountainous.  Still  we 
may  say,  that,  on  the 
whole,  New  England  is 
a  highland  region,  with 
a  slope  toward  the 
ocean,  and  a  low  plain 
near  the  coast.  On  each 
side  of  the  rivers  are 
fine  rich  valleys. 
The      mountains      of 


Nature    of    the    Country. 


17 


New    England    are    chains    and    knobs    of   the 

The  great    Appalachian   Mountains,  about 

mountains,   ^vhich  wc  learned  under  North  Amer- 

lica.     In  Vermont    they  are    called    the    Green 

'Mountains,  and  in  New  Hampshire  the  White 

*  Mountains.  The  White  Mountains  are  noted 
for  their  grand  scenery,  and  are  visited  every 

•  summer  by  thousands  of  people.  Here,  among 
other  lofty  peaks,  is  the  far-famed  Mount  Wash- 
ington, one  of  the  highest  summits  of  the 
Appalachian  Mountains.  A  railroad  has  been 
built  to  the  top  of  this  mountain,  as  shown  in 
the  picture.  Here  the  men  employed  by  our 
government  to  watch  the  weather  have  a  signal 
station  ;  and  from  this  point,  on  a  clear  day, 
you  can  see  the  Atlantic  Ocean  far  off  to  the 
eastward. 

Some  of  the  New  England  mountains,  espe- 
Kinds  of  cially  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire, 
mountains,  g^j-g  covcrcd  with  forcsts  of  pine, 
hemlock,  and  other  kinds  of  trees.  Here  you 
would  expecr  to  see  people  engaged  in  lumber- 
ing. But  in  the  Green  Mountains,  in  place  of 
rugged  highlands,  covered  with  forests,  we  find 
nicely-rounded  hills,  some  green  with  grass,  and 
others  clothed  with  evergreen  trees.  The  very 
name  "Vermont"  tells  us  this,  for  the  word 
means  green  mountain.  These  grassy  hills  are 
good  places  for  sheep  and  cattle  and  horses 
Here,  then,  you  would  expect  to  see  people 
employed  in  grazing  and  dairying. 

The  most  noted  rivers  are  the  Penobscot, 
the  Kennebec,  the  Merrimac,  and  the 
Connecticut.  Besides  rivers  there  are 
all  over  New  England  many  short,  swift  streams, 
which  furnish  water-power ;  by  which  we  mean 
that  the  current  of  these  rapid  streams  is 
used  to  turn  the  wheels  of  mills  and  factories. 
Hence  you  would  expect  to  find  many  manu- 
facturing towns  and  villages  in  New  England. 
New  England  has  many  miles  of  sea-coast,  and 
in  the  waters  are  found  cod,  mackerel, 
and  other  fish.  Would  you  not,  then, 
expect  to  find  many  people  making  their  living 


Rivers. 


Coast. 


by  the  fisheries  }  We  also  notice  on  the  coast 
many  wide  and  deep  harbors  ;  so  we  may  guess 
there  will  be  many  vessels  sailing  out  of  these 
harbors,  carrying  the  products  of  New  England 
to  other  lands,  and  bringing  back  what  her 
people  need.  And,  of  course,  where  so  many 
ships  are  needed,  many  must  be  built,  and  for 
this  the  fine  timber  is  very  handy. 

We  have  now  seen  what  are  likely  to  be  the 
principal  kinds  of  business  in  New 
England.  They  are  manufacturing, 
farming,  lumbering,  ship-building,  and  fishing. 
To  these  we  may  add  quarrying  and  ice-cutting. 
And,  lastly,  commerce. 

FOR  UECITATION. 


Summary. 


1.  What  is  N^ew  England? 

New  England  is  the  north-eastern  section  of 
the  United  States. 

2.  By  whom  was  its  coast  first  explored? 
By  Captain  John  Smith. 

3.  How  many  states  does  it  include  ? 

It  includes  six  states, —  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Isl- 
and, and  Connecticut. 

4.  What  of  the  climate  of  New  England? 

New  England  has  hot  summers  and  long  cold 
winters. 

5.  What  of  the  face  of  the  country  f 

It  is  for  the  most  part  mountainous. 

6.  What  is  the  highest  tnountain  in  New  England? 
The  highest  mountain  is  Mount  Washington. 

7.  Which  are  the  most  noted  rivers? 

They  are  the  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  Merrimac, 
and  Connecticut  rivers. 

8.  What  are  the  pri^icipal  kinds  of  business  carried  on 

in  New  England? 

They  are  manufacturing,  farming,  lumbering, 
ship-building,  the  fisheries,  and  commerce. 


38 


Occupations    of    the    People, 


Reading-Lesson    XVI. 


OCCUPATIONS  OF  THE   PEOPLE. 


Bid'de-ford 
^Worces'ter  {wous') 


Nash'u-a 
Woon-sock'et 


Manufacturing  is  the  largest  business  in 
The  great  Ncw  England.  Some  of  the  states 
business,  ^j-g  more  engaged  in  it  than  others,  — 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut 
most  of  all.  But  in  nearly  every  part  of  New 
England  people  are  busy  in  mills  and  factories 
or  machine-shops.  You  may  travel  along  the 
banks  of  almost  any  of  the  swift  streams,  and 
you  can  hardly  go  a  mile  or  two  without  com- 
ing to  some  neat-looking  manufacturing  village. 
Where  water-power  is  not  at  hand,  steam-power 
is  used. 

The  making  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  and 
Its  two  °^  boots  and  shoes,  by  machinery,  are 
chief  the  two  greatest  trades.     Probably  in 

the  various  factories  enough  boots  and 
shoes  are  made  to  give  every  man,  woman,  and 
child  in  this  country  three  pairs  every  year. 
Some  of  the  largest  cotton  and  woolen  mills 
are  on  the  Merrimac  River ;  and  it  is  said  that 
the  water-power  supplied  by  it  moves  more 
spindles  than  are  moved  by  any  other  stream  in 
the  world. 

Besides  these  great  manufactures,  New  Eng- 
otherman-  land  makcs  clothing,  carpets,  paper, 
ufactures.  fumiturc,  hardware,  machinery,  fire- 
arms, —  in  fact,  what  does  she  not  make  .''  There 
is  hardly  an  object  you  can  name,  from  a  steam- 
engine  or  an  anchor  down  to  pins  and  needles, 
that  is  not  made  by  the  busy,  quick-witted  New- 
Englanders. 

The  largest  manufacturing  places  are  Lew- 
Manufac-  Jstou  and  Biddcford,  in  Maine  ;  Man- 
turing  Chester  and   Nashua,  in   New   Hamp- 

shire ;  Lowell,  Lawrence,  Fall  River, 
and  Worcester,  in  Massachusetts  ;  Providence 
and  Woonsocket,  in  Rhode  Island  ;  and  Hart- 
ford, Bridgeport,  and  Waterbury,  in  Connecticut. 


Farming. 


New  England  is  not  able  to  produce  all  the 
food  the  people  need,  for  the  soil  is 
not  generally  fertile.  But  the  New- 
Englanders  are  good  farmers ;  and,  by  tilling 
their  fields  very  carefully,  they  raise  better 
crops  than  poor  farmers  do  from  the  best  soil. 
Then  in  many  parts  there  are  fine  mountain 
pastures ;  and  in  Vermont  sheep  and  cattle 
raising,  and  making  butter  and  cheese,  bring 
the  people  in  more  money  than  any  other 
business. 

In  the  vast  forests  of  Maine  and  New  Hamp- 
shire there  are  thousands  of  men 
engaged  in  lumbering,  and  we  have 
already  learned  a  little  about  how  this  work  is 
carried  on.  Bangor,  in  Maine,  is  one  of  the 
greatest  lumber  places  in  the  country. 


Lumbering. 


Building  a  Ship. 

There  is  considerable  ship-building,  especially 
in  the  coast  towns  of  Maine  and  Mas-  ship- 
sachusetts.  There  are  also  many  fish-  building, 
ermen  in  these  towns.  Some  fish  off  the  coast, 
others  go  to  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland  for 
codfish,  and  others  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  and 
the  northern  seas  for  whales.  New  Bedford, 
in  Massachusetts,  is  the  port  from  which  most 
of  the  whalers  go  out. 


Occupations    of    the    People, 


39 


Commerce. 


There  is  a   great  deal  of  business  done  in 

quarrying,  —  that  is,  getting  out  different  kinds 

of  building-stones,  as  granite,  marble, 

Quarrying,    ^^j^^g^^^j^^^   ^^^^    slate,   and   in  getting 

out  limestone  to  be  burnt  for  lime. 

The  people  of  New  England  carry  on  a  very 
large  trade,  because  they  make  a  great 
many  more  things  than  they  can  use. 
They  make  them  to  sell.  These  goods  are 
shipped  by  water  or  by  railroad  to  all  parts  of 
our  country  and  to  other  lands  ;  and  the  New- 
Englanders  receive  in  return  articles  which  they 
want,  but  can  not  grow.  The  principal  exports 
of  New  England  are  her  various  manufactured 
goods,  lumber,  canned  foods,  ice,  granite,  and 
marble. 

Boston,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts,  is  the 
largest  city  in  New  England.  It  is 
noted  for  its  manufactures  and  com- 
merce, and  for  its  schools,  libraries,  and  mu- 
seums. 


Boston. 


Quarrying  Granite. 

Portland  is  the  largest  city  in  Maine,  and  is 
noted  for  its  fine  harbor  and  shipping 
trade. 

Manchester  is  the  largest  city  in  New  Hamp- 
Man-  shire,  and  is  noted  for  its  great  cotton 

Chester.  ^j^^  WOolcU  mills. 


Portland. 


Burlington,  on  Lake  Champlain,  is  the  largest 
city  in  Vermont.     It  is  noted  for  its   Buriing- 
great  lumber  trade.  ^°"- 

Providence,  the  second  city  of  New  England, 
is  the  largest  city  in  Rhode  Island  ;  it 

1   r        ■  11  1  r  Providence. 

is  noted  tor  its  mills  and  manuiactures. 

New  Haven  is  the  largest  city  in  Connecti- 
cut ;  it  is  noted  as  the  seat  of   Yale  New 
College,  one  of  the  most  famous  insti-  ^^^^en. 
tutions  of  learning  in  the  United  States. 

FOR  recitation. 


1.  W/iai  zs  tJie  most  important  business  in  New  Ettg- 

land? 

The  most  important  business  is  manufac- 
turing. 

2.  What  a?-e  tlie  tivo  principal  bra7iches  of  manufac- 

ture  ? 

The  making  of  cotton  goods,  and  boots  and 
shoes. 

3.  What  of  agricnltu7-e? 

Agriculture  is  largely  carried  on,  but  New 
England  does  not  produce  grain  enough  to 
feed  its  own  people. 

4.  In  which  state  is  dairying  a  great  biisiness  f 
Dairying  is  a  great  business  in  Vermont. 

5.  In  which  states  is  lumbering  a  great  business? 
In  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 

6.  Where  are  ship-building  and  the  fisheries  important? 
In    the   coast    towns    of    Maine    and    Massa- 
chusetts. 

7.  What  are  the  principal  exports  of  New  England? 
The  principal  exports  are  manufactured  goods, 

lumber,    canned    foods,    ice,    granite,    and 
marble. 

8.  What  is  the  largest  city  in  each  state  ? 

Portland  is  the  largest  city  in  Maine,  Man- 
chester in  New  Hampshire,  Burlington  in 
Vermont,  Boston  in  Massachusetts,  Provi- 
dence in  Rhode  Island,  and  New  Haven  in 
Connecticut. 


Questions    on    the    Map 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP. 

What  country  is  north  of  this  section?  Which  states 
border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Which  of  these  states  is 
the  smallest?  What  mountains  are  in  the  northern  part 
of  New  York?  In  what  part  of  Pennsylvania  are  there 
mountain-ranges?  To  what  system  do  these  ranges 
belong?  Ans.  To  the  Appalachian  system.  What 
island  belonging  to  New  York  is  east  of  New  Jersey? 
What  two  capes  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware  Bay? 
What  sound  is  north  of  Long  Island?  What  bay  is  be- 
tween  New  Jersey  and   Delaware  ?     What  bay  divides 


Maryland  into  two  sections  ?  What  two  great  lakes  are 
between  New  York  and  Canada  ?  What  lake  is  between 
N'^w  York  and  Vermont?  What  is  the  largest  river  of 
New  York?  What  river  separates  New  York  and  New 
Jersey  from  Pennsylvania?  What  large  river  flows  into 
Chesapeake  Bay  ?  What  river  separates  Maryland  from 
Virginia?  Of  what  state  is  Albany  the  capital  ?  Harris- 
burg?  Trenton?  Dover?  Annapolis?  In  which  states 
are  the  following  large  cities:  New  York?  Philadelphia? 
Newark?  Baltimore?  Wilmington?  Brooklyn?  Jersey 
City  ? 


Pittsburgh  ? 


J 


Nature    of    t  h  k    Country. 


41 


MIDDLE    ATLANTIC    STATES. 


I 


I 


Oh        —t. 


Ad-i-ron'dack 
Al'le-gha-ny 


When  we  speak  of  the  "Middle  States"  we 
speak  as  our  forefathers  did,  when  the 

The  name.  n      . 

thirteen  states  were  all  situated  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.  They  are  New  York,  New  Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Delaware.  Of 
these.  New  York  is  the  largest.  Pennsylvania 
is  nearly  as  large  as  New  York,  about  thirty- 
seven  times  the  size  of  Rhode  Island,  five  times 
as  large  as  Massachusetts,  and  less  than  one- 
fifth  the  size  of  Texas.  New  Jersey  is  one-sixth 
as  large  as  Pennsylvania..  Maryland  is  one- 
fourth,  and  Delaware  one  twenty-fifth  the  size 
of  New  York. 

New  York  was  settled  by  the  Dutch.  Penn- 
First  sylvania  (meaning  Pemi  s  luoods)  was 
settlers,     settled  by  William   Penn   and  a  com- 


Mountains. 


stretch  several  chains  and 
ranges  of  the  great  Appa- 
lachian Mountains.  In 
New  York  they  are  called  the  Adirondack  and 
Catskill  Mountains ;  in  Pennsylvania 
and  Maryland,  the  Alleghany  and  the 
Blue  Mountains.  The  rounded  summits  of  these 
mountains  are  in  many  parts  clothed  in  grand 
forests,  while  beautiful  green  valleys  lie  be- 
tween the  hills,  and  pretty  cascades  tumble 
over  the  rocky  ledges.  The  south-eastern  por- 
tion of  this  section  is  a  part  of  the  Atlantic 
Plain.  West  of  the  mountains  is  the  Western 
Plateau,  which  slopes  towards  the  Ohio  river. 


42 


Occupations  of  the  People, 


Soil. 


In  the  mountains  are  two  treasures,  —  a  rain- 
Their  ^^^^  ^^^  ^  metal  more  valuable  to  man 

treasures,  than  gold  Or  silvcr.  These  are  the 
mineral  coal  and  the  metal  hvn.  Coal  and 
iron  are  found  in  great  quantities  in  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  and  most  of  the  other  Middle  States  are 
well  supplied  with  one  or  the  other,  —New  York 
and  New  Jersey  with  iron,  Maryland  with  coal. 

As  this  part  of  our  country  is  so  richly  stored 
Coal  and  ^ith  coal  and  iron,  we  may  look  to  see 
iron.  many  men  occupied  in  mining  in  the 

Middle  States.  And  as  coal  is  the  best  fuel  for 
making  steam  to  drive  machinery,  and  as  so  very 
many  things  are  made  from  iron,  we  may  also 
look  to  see  manufacturing  largely  carried  on.  • 

The  Middle  States  have  for  the  most  part  a 
milder  climate  than  New  England ;  and 
they  have  also  a  more  fertile  soil. 
From  these  two  things  we  may  look  to  see 
farming  a  very  great  business. 

The  Middle  States  have  a  long  line  of  sea- 
Helps  to  coast  and  several  great  navigable 
trade.  rivcrs.     The    Hudson    and    its    chief 

tributary  the  Mohawk,  in  New  York.  The 
Ohio  and  its  tributaries  the  Alleghany  and 
Monongahela,  in  western  Pennsylvania.  The 
Delaware  with  its  branches,  the  Lehigh  and 
the  Schuylkill,  in  eastern  Pennsylvania.  The 
Susquehanna,  which  rises  in  southern  New 
York  and  flows  through  central  Pennsylvania 
and  Maryland  ;  and  the  Potomac,  which  forms 
the  western  boundary  of  Maryland.  On  the 
western  border  are  two  of  the  "  Great  Lakes," 
—  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario.  Is  it  not 
plain,  then,  that,  with  such  great  helps  to  carry- 
ing goods,  the  trade  of  the  Middle  States,  both 
with  the  different  parts  of  our  own  country,  and 
with  countries  abroad,  must  be  very  large  ? 

We  have  thus  seen  what  are  likely  to  be 
the  principal  kinds  of  business  carried 
on  in  the  Middle  States.  They  are 
farming,  mining,  manufacturing,  and  commerce. 
In  the  next  lesson  we  shall  learn  more  about 
the  occupations  of  the  people  in  this  section. 


Summary. 


FOR  RECITATION. 

1.  JVame  the  Jive  Middle  States. 

They  are  New  York,   Ne\?  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Maryland,  and  Delaware. 

2.  What  are  the  inotintains  in  this  sectio7t  ? 

They  are  chains  and   ranges  of  the  Appala- 
chian Mountains. 

3.  What  valuable  substances  are  fojt7id  in  these  moun- 

tains ? 

Coal  and  iron  are  found  in  large  quantities. 

4.  What  kind  of  climate  and  soil  has  this  section  ? 

It  has  a  temperate  climate  and  a  generally 
fertile  soil. 

5.  Name  three  large  and  useful  rivers  in  this  section. 
The  Hudson,  the  Delaware,  and  the  Potomac. 

6.  Which  of  the  "  Great  Lakes  "  border  on  this  section  ? 
Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario. 


♦  ♦ 


Reading-Lesson    XVIII. 


OCCUPATIONS   OF  THE   PEOPLE. 


pe-tro'le-um 
Syr'a-cuse 


Ches'a-peake 
Bal'ti-more  (bend') 


Agriculture. 


Tilling  the  soil  is  an  important   business  in 
the  Middle  States.     Wheat,  rye,  oats, 
corn,  hay,  hops,  tobacco,  garden-vege- 
tables, and  orchard-fruits  are  the  chief  products. 

On  the  coast  of  the  Middle  States  are  many 
of  the  largest  cities  in  our  country,  —  why 
New  York,  Brooklyn,  Philadelphia,  p--°fit^bie. 
Baltimore.  Now,  the  farmers  find  it  very  profit- 
able to  raise  vegetables  and  fruits  for  the  city 
people,  who  are  so  busy  in  other  ways.  The 
growing  of  vegetables  and  fruits  is  called  mar- 
ket-gardening, and  is  a  great  business,  especially 
in  New  Jersey  and  Delaware.  So  also  is  the 
making  of  butter  and  cheese. 

There   are   many   thousands   of    men    in   the 
Middle    States    employed    in   mining ; 
that  is,  in  getting  out   coal   and  iron. 
Pennsylvania  is  the  great  center  of  this  busi- 


Mining. 


Commerce    and    Cities. 


43 


ness.  Besides  these,  quarries  of  marble,  slate, 
and  valuable  building-stones  are  found  in  the 
different  states.  Lead,  copper,  and  salt  in  New 
York.  Zinc,  granite,  and  beds  of  marl  in  New 
Jersey.  Zinc,  nickel,  copper,  salt,  and  petro- 
leum (rock-oil)  in  Pennsylvania ;  and  copper  in 
Maryland.  Pennsylvania  produces  most  of  the 
petroleum.  It  is  not  only  used  in  this  country, 
but  large  quantities  are  sent  abroad. 

There  are  large  forests  of  valuable  trees  in  this 
section,  and  lumbering  is  an  important  industry. 
Among  the  articles  manufactured  we  can  only 
Manufac-  name  the  most  important,  which  are 
turing.  all  kinds  of  machinery  and  iron  goods, 
cotton  and  woolen  goods,  boots  and  shoes,  fur- 
niture of  all  kinds,  paper,  flour,  india-rubber 
goods,  and  leather  goods. 

The  most  famous  manufacturing  places  are 
New-York    City,    Buffalo,    Rochester, 

Manufac-  -^ 

turing  Troy,  and  Syracuse,  in  New  York ; 
cities.  Newark,  Paterson,  and  Jersey  City,  in 

New  Jersey ;  Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh,  Alle- 
gheny City,  Scranton,  Reading,  and  Lancaster, 
in  Pennsylvania ;  Wilmington,  in  Delaware ; 
and  Baltimore  in  Maryland. 

Many  persons  are  employed  in  fishing,  and  the 
shad  from  the  Hudson,  the  Delaware, 
and  the  Potomac  are  quite  famous. 
Gathering  oysters  is  another  employment.  In 
the  shoal  waters  on  the  coast  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey  and  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  immense 
quantities  of  oysters  are  gathered,  put  up  in 
cans,  and  sent  to  various  parts  of  our  own 
country  as  well  as  abroad. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Fishing. 


ir/iat  are  the  chief  products  of  the  Middle  States? 
They  are  wheat,  rye,  oats,  corn,  hay,  hops,  to- 
bacco, garden-vegetables,  and  orchard-fruits. 

What  of  market-gardening  in  the  Middle  States? 
Market-gardening  is   very  profitable,   owing 

to   the    many  large  cities    in  the   Middle 

States. 


What  state  is  the  great  centerof  the  coal  and  iron 
business  and  the petrolciiiii  trade? 

Pennsylvania  is  the  great  center  of  the  coal 
and  iron  business,  and  the  petroleum  trade. 

A'anic  the  principal  mannfacturing  cities. 

They  are  New  York,  Buffalo,  Rochester, 
Troy,  Syracuse,  Newark,  Paterson,  Jersey 
City,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburgh,  Allegheny 
City,  Scranton,  Reading,  Lancaster,  Wil- 
mington, and  Baltimore. 


Commerce. 


Reading-Lesson  XIX. 

COMIVIERCE  AND  CITIES. 
Man-hat'tan  (  Am-ster-dam' 

The  Middle  States  have  more  commerce  than 
any  other  section  of  the  United  States. 
And  we  can  easily  see  why  this  is  so. 

Our  country  sends  abroad  great  quantities  of 
grain,  cotton,  rice,  sugar,  tobacco,  beef,  why  so 
pork,  cheese,  petroleum,  and  manufac-  ^'■^^^• 
tured  articles  ;  and  it  receives  in  return  count- 
less articles  from  other  countries, — groceries, 
cutlery,  wines,  teas,  cigars,  dye-stuffs,  india- 
rubber,  shawls,  laces,  gloves,  etc.  Now  most  of 
the  exports  and  imports  of  the  United  States 
pass  through  the  great  seaports  of  the  Middle 


Newark 


44 


Commerce    and    Cities. 


States,  —  New    York,  Philadelphia,   and    Balti- 
more. 

New  York  City,  the  chief  commercial  port  in 
New  York  Amcrica,  is  situated  on  and  about  Man- 
C'*y-  hattan  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Hudson 

River.  This  river  was  first  explored  in  1609, 
by  Henry  Hudson.  Dutch  settlers  soon  began 
to  come  over.  They  bought  the  island  from  the 
Indians  for  twenty-four  dollars,  and  built  a  fort 
and  houses  upon  it.  They  called  the  place  New 
Amsterdam,  after  a  noted  city  in  Holland.  This 
was  the  beginning  of  the  great  city  of  New  York. 
It  is  said  that  nearly  twenty  thousand  vessels 
xts  enter  this    port    every  year ;    so  that 

shipping,  along  the  water-front  you  constantly 
see  a  forest  of  masts.  It  is  wonderful  to  visit 
the  wharves,  and  see  the  loading  and  unloading 
of  ships  and  steamers  carrying  away  cotton  and 
grain  and  wool  and  tobacco  from  our  country, 
and  bringing  in  the  products  of  every  part  of 
the  world.  The  population  of  New  York  City 
is  more  than  a  million  souls. 

Brooklyn,  on  Long  Island,  is  separated  from 
New  York  by  a  strait  called  the  East 
River.  Ferry-boats  are  all  the  time 
crossing  between  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  and 
the  two  cities  a^e  joined  by  a  grand  suspension- 
bridge. 

Philadelphia  is  the  second  largest  city  in  the 
Phiia-  Union.     It  is  not  on  the  ocean  ;  but 

deiphia.  ^]^g  broad  Delaware  River  is  an  easy 
water-way  for  the  largest  ships.  The  name 
Philadelphia  (meaning  brotJierly  love)  was  given 
to  the  city  by  William  Penn,  its  founder.  In 
1776  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was 
signed  in  the  "  Old  State  House,"  which  is  still 
standing.  The  chief  wealth  of  Philadelphia  is 
in  its  manufactures.  It  is  the  greatest  manu- 
facturing city  in  the  United  States,  there  being 
in  it  nearly  ten  thousand  manufactories. 

Newark  and  Jersey  City  are  the  largest  cities 
in  New  Jersey.     They  are  great  manu- 
facturing places,  and  Jersey  City,  which 
is  opposite  New  York,  has  much  shipping. 


Baltimore. 


Brooklyn. 


Baltimore,  the  leading  city  in  Maryland,  is  a 
bright,  handsome  city.  Various  im- 
portant industries  are  here  carried  on. 
It  has  many  large  iron-works,  rolling-mills,  nail- 
factories,  sugar-refineries,  and  tanneries.  The 
commerce  with  foreign  countries  is  very  large. 

Wilmington,  on  the  Brandywine,  is  the  princi- 
pal city  of  the  little  State  of  Delaware,   wiiming- 
It  is  noted  for  its  ship-building  and  for  *°"- 
its  manufactures  of  steam-engines  and  cars. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  is  the  chief  business  of  the  Middle  States  ? 
The  chief  business  is  commerce. 

2.  Through  what  three  great  seaports  in  this  section  is 

our  foreign  trade  inainly  carried  on  f 

Through  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Balti- 
more. 

3.  Which  of  these  cities  is  the  chief  port  of  America  ? 
New  York  City,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson. 

River. 

4.  A'ame  the  largest  city  in  each  state. 

New  York  City  in  New  York,  Newark  in 
New  Jersey,  Philadelphia  in  Pennsylvania, 
Wilmington  in  Delaware,  and  Baltimore  in> 
Maryland. 


Newark. 


Wilminirton 


Nature    of    the    Country, 


45 


THE    SOUTHERN    STATES. 


Reading-Lesson    XX. 


NATURE  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 


Ten-nes-see' 
Al-a-ba'ma 


Ken-tuck'y 
Tex'as 


We  now  go  from  the  two  parts 
Southern  of  thc  country  where  the 
states.  principal  business  of  the 
people  is  making  things,  to  that 
part  where  the  principal  business 
is  groii'ing  things.  We  go  from 
the  land  of  the  mine,  the  mill,  and 
the  factory,  to  the  land  of  the  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  sugar,  and  rice  field. 
We  go  from  the  states  where  peo- 
ple are  gathered  in  great  cities,  to 
Istates  where  cities  are  few  and 
small,  and  people  live  on  broad 
plantations.  In  fact,  we  go  to  the 
iSouthern  States. 

This  is  a  very  large  section  of 
our  country.       In  it   are 

Situation. 

thirteen  states.  Some  of 
these  are  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
but  most  of  them  are  in  the  great 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  Ten  of 
the  Southern  States  are  east,  and 
three  are  west,  of  the  Mississippi. 
Remembering  that  the  nearer  a 


Climate. 


must  be  warmer  than  that  of 
the  Middle  States.  True, 
no  part  of  the  Southern 
States  is  in  the  Torrid  Zone ;  but 
you  may  notice  that  thc  southern 
point  of  Florida  is  very  near  the 
Torrid  Zone.  And,  in  fact,  the 
Southern  States  are  in  what  is 
called  the  warm-temperate  belt, 
though,  of  course,  those  states 
which  border  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co have  greater  heat  throughout 
the  year  than  Virginia  or  Tennes- 
see.    The  winters  are  mild. 

The  soil  of  this  section  is,  for 
the  most  part,  fertile,  and 
in  the  "  bottom  lands," 
that  is,  the  lands  near  the  Missis- 
sippi and  its  branches,  it  is  very 
rich  indeed. 

Now,  to  these  two  facts  —  a  rich 
soil  and  a  warm  climate   ^^^^  ^.^^ 
—  we    must    pay   very  south  can 
great  heed.     It  is  owing 
to  these  two  facts  that  the  South 
can  raise,  in  very  large  quantities, 
certain  things  which  all  the  world 
wishes  to  buy,  —  as  cotton,  sugar, 
rice,  and   tobacco.      And  because 


Soil. 


\.O0VvWi- 


\kSNk\Nk  a^  -^Vkt    \K\SS\^VW»\ 


place  is  to  the  Equator,  the  greater  the  quantity 
of  heat  during  the  year,  we  shall  easily  under- 
stand that  the  climate  of  the  Southern  States 


these  and  some  other  things  are  so  much  called 
for,  and  the  Southern  States  are  so  well  suited 
to  grow  them,  the  people  of  this  section  are 


46 


Questions    on    the    Map 


Xongitude 


West 


from 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP. 


How  many  states  are  there  in  this  section?'  Which 
states  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Which  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico?  Which  on  the  Mississippi  River?  Which 
on  the  Ohio? 

What  mountains  extend  through  the  greater  part  of 
this  section  ?  Ans.  The  Appalachian  Mountains.  Name 
three  ranges  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains.  What  can 
you  say  of  Mount  Mitchell?  Ans.  It  is  the  highest  peak 
of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  (6,476  feet  high). 

What  large  bay  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  this  sec- 
tion ?  Name  two  capes  at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake 
Bay.  In  which  two  states  is  the  Dismal  Swamp  ?  Name 
two  sounds  in  North  Carolina.  Name  two  capes  on  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina.  Name  two  capes  on  the 
southern   coast  of    Florida.      (See  small  map.)     What 


lake  in  Florida?  What  three  bays  on  the  gulf  coast  of 
Florida?     What  sound  south  of  Mississippi? 

On  what  two  states  does  the  Ohio  River  border?  Of 
which  river  is  the  Ohio  a  tributary?  What  two  large 
tributaries  does  the  Ohio  receive  from  the  south  ? 
Through  which  states  does  the  Tennessee  flow? 
Through  which  states  does  the  Cumberland  flow? 
What  river  forms  the  north-western  boundary  of  Virginia? 
Name  two  other  rivers  flowing  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 
What  large  river  flows  into  Albemarle  Sound?  Name 
two  rivers  flowing  into  Pamlico  Sound.  What  river  be- 
tween South  Carolina  and  Georgia?  Between  Florida 
and  Alabama  ?     What  river  flows  into  Mobile  Bay  ? 

Name  the  capital  of  each  state.  In  which  state  is  each 
of  these  cities:  Richmond?  Petersburg?  Wilmington? 
Raleigh  ?  Wheeling  ?  Parkersburg  ?  Charleston  ?  Sa- 
vannah  ?  Augusta  ?  Columbus  ?  Memphis  ?  Louis- 
ville?    Knoxville?    Vicksburg?    Mobile?    Jacksonville? 


Nature    o  f    t  hi-:    Country. 


47 


1  engaged  in  agriculture  far  more  than  any  other 

I  occupation.    They  are  so  much  more  engaged  in 

agriculture  than  in  any  other  business,  that  we 

)  may,  in  a  few  words,  tell  what  the  other  kinds 


In  two  sections  stock-raising  is  an  important 
business.      These  are,  first,  the  grass-covered 
mountains  of  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,   stock- 
Tennessee,    and    Northern    Alabama ;  '■rising. 

secondly,  the  plains  of  Texas, 
where  there  are  great  stock-farms, 
or  rancJies.  On  these  plains  im- 
mense herds  of  cattle,  sheep,  and 
horses  are  raised. 

A  part  of  the  people,  especially 
in  Virginia  and  Georgia,   Manufac- 
are   engaged    in    manu-  tu"ng. 
facturing  ;   but  the  South  is,  for 
the  most  part,  not  a  great  manu- 
facturing region. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


In  the  Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky. 

of  business  are,  and  then  go  on  to  learn  more 
fully  about  the  culture  of  cotton  and  sugar  and 
rice  and  tobacco,  —  those  "  staples,"  as  they  are 
called,  which  form  the  wealth  of  the  South. 

Along  the  southern  coast,  from  North  Caro- 
Forest  Una  to  Mississippi,  are  great  pine- 
products.  forests  which  stretch  for  many  miles 
inland  from  the  sea-shore.  These  pine-woods 
yield  great  quantities  of  what  are  called  "  naval 
stores  ; "  that  is,  tar  and  pitch,  and  also  of  tur- 
pentine and  resin.  Besides  yielding  pitch,  tar, 
resin,  and  turpentine,  the  forests  of  the  South- 
ern States  supply  great  quantities  of  valuable 
timber,  as  live-oak,  white-oak,  and  pine.  This 
is  much  used  in  building  ships  and  making 
masts,  and  for  many  other  purposes. 

In  the  Appalachian  Mountains  are  found 
coal,  iron,  gold,  marble,  and  salt  ;  and 

Mining.  .,,... 

in  some  states  a  good  deal  of  mmmg 
is  carried  on. 


1,  What  section  of  the  United  States 
are  we  iiow  to  study  ? 

The  southern  section,  or  South- 
ern States. 

2.  How  many  states  are  there  in  this 

section  f 

There  are  thirteen  states  in  this  section. 

3.  How  many  states  are  east,  and  how  many  west,  of 

the  Mississippi? 

Ten  states  are  east,  and  three  west,  of  the 
Mississippi. 

4.  What  kind  of  climate  have  the  Southern  States  ? 
All  the  Southern  States  are  in  the  warm  part 

of  the  Temperate  Zone.    The  summers  are 
long  and  hot  ;  the  winters  are  mild. 

5.  What  is  to  be  said  of  the  soil  in  this  section  f 

The  soil    is    generally  fertile,  and    in    many 
parts  very  much  so. 

6.  WJiat  is  the  chief  occupation  in  the  Southerti  States? 
The  principal  occupation  is  agriculture. 

7.  What  articles  are  obtained  from  the  forests  f 
"Naval  stores,"  and  timber  for  ship-building. 

8.  What  metals  and  minerals  are  found  in  the  South  ? 
Coal,  iron,  gold,  marble,  and  salt  are  found. 


48 


QUESTlONb      ON      THE      MaP, 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP. 


What  three  states  and  one  territory  in  this  division 
of  the  Southern  States  ? 

What  two  states  east  ?     What  two  states  north  ? 

What  country  south-west  ? 

What  natural  boundary  on  the  south-east  of  this  sec- 
tion ? 

Bound  Arkansas.  Louisiana.  Texas.  Indian  Terri- 
tory. 

Which  of  these  states  has  no  sea-coast? 

What  great  river  forms  most  of  the  eastern  boundary 
of  this  section? 

Name  the  two  chief  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  in 
this  section. 

Name  two  tributaries  of  the  Arkansas  River. 

What  great  river  forms  the  south-western  boundary  of 
Texas  ?     From  what  country  does  it  separate  Mexico  ? 


In 


Name  three  other  rivers  of  Texas,  and  tell  into  vi^hat 
they  flow. 

What  river  forms  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  of 
Texas  ? 

What  lake  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Louisiana? 
the  north-western  part? 

What  lake  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sabine  River? 

What  bay  in  the  southern  part  of  Louisiana? 

What  two  bays  on  the  coast  of  Texas  ? 

What  large  island  in  the  southern  part? 

What  mountains  in  Arkansas? 

What  great  plain  in  the  western  part  of  Texas? 

Name  and  locate  the  capital  of  Arkansas.  Of  Louisi- 
ana.    Of  Texas. 

Name  two  other  towns  in  Arkansas. 

What  large  city  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Louisiana?, 

What  city  on  Galveston  Bay?  North-west  of  Galves- 
ton? South-west  of  Austin?  Near  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Grande  ? 


What    is    Grown    on    the    Plantations. 


49 


Reading-Lesson    XXI. 


WHAT    IS   GROWN    ON   THE  PLANTATIONS. 


Lou-is-i-a'na 
gran'u-lat-ed. 


Mad-a-gas'car 
Ra'leigh  {raw'll) 


Cotton. 


The  plant. 


Cotton  is  the  most  important  product  of  the 
Southern  States.  The  world  depends 
mainly  on  these  states  for  its  supply 
of  cotton.  It  is  produced  in  all  the  states 
of  this  section  ;  but  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and 
Texas  are  the  greatest  cotton  states.  The 
finest  cotton  is  that  grown  on  the  "  Sea  Islands  " 
of  South  Carolina. 

It  is  likely  that  many  pupils  who  live  in  the 
Northern  or  Western  states  have 
never  seen  cotton,  except  in  the  shape 
of  "cotton  goods,"  such  as  calicoes,  muslins, 
etc.  But  before  the  cotton  was  spun  and  woven 
in  the  mills  it  was  a  soft  downy  substance, 
somewhat  like  wool,  and  grew  in  the  pods 
of  the  cotton-plant.  As  the  seeds  ripen  the 
pods  burst  open,  showing  the  snow-white  cot- 
ton pushing  out.  In  the  autumn  months  it 
is  ready  for  picking,  and  this  is  done  by  hand. 

Lines  of  negro  pickers. 
How  it  is  men,  women, 
picked.         Q^^   children, 

with  wide-mouthed  sacks 
hung  from  their  shoul- 
ders or  waists,  pass  be- 
tween the  rows  of  plants, 
and  gather  the  fleecy  cot- 
ton from  the  open  pods. 
It  is  then  placed  in  bas- 
kets at  the  end  of  the 
rows,  and  from  there  is 
carried  in  wagons  to  what  is  called  the  gin- 
house.  But  it  may  be  that  some  pupils  do  not 
know  what  a  "  gin-house  "  is. 

The  cotton  when  it  comes  from  the  pod  is 
mixed  with  the  seeds  of  the  plants,  and  clings 
very  closely  to  the  seeds.  The  first  thing  is  to 
get  the  cotton  away  from  the  seeds.  This  is 
very  slow  work  when  done  by  hand,  and  this 


Cotton  Plant. 


Cotton  Grin. 


used  to  be  the  only  way  the  planters  had  of 
doing  it.  Then  cotton  cost  so  much  that  it 
was  not  largely  used.     But  near  the  end  of  the 

last    century  a    New 
England  The 
man  named  concn-gin. 

Eli  Whitney  made  a 
machine  which  can  do 
the  work  very  quickly 
and  cheaply.  This 
was  the  "cotton-gin," 
and  a  very  great  in- 
vention it  was.  After 
this  the  growing  of 
cotton  in  the  Southern  States  spread  in  the 
most  wonderful  way,  so  that  now  our  country 
raises  more  cotton  than  all  the  rest  of  the 
world. 

A  good  deal  of  it  is  made  into  cloth  in  our 
own  country ;  but  most  of  it  is  packed  in  bales, 
and  sent  to  England,  where  it  is  woven  into 
a  great  variety  of  fabrics  in  many  thousands  of 
busy  looms.  Cotton  is  such  a  great  thing  that 
it  is  sometimes  called  "  King  Cotton." 

There  is  another  thing  in  regard  to  cotton 
which  I  must  tell  you.  In  the  South 
most  of  the  laboring  people  were  till  a 
few  years  ago  negro  slaves.  When  the  planters; 
in  the  cotton  states  found  out  that  they  could 
make  a  great  deal  of  money  by  growing  cotton,, 
they  felt  that  they  needed  more  and  more 
hands  to  do  the  work  in  the  field.  This  is  the 
reason  why  the  colored  people  increased  so 
very  rapidly  in  that  section  ;  so  that  even  now^ 
when  there  is  no  longer  slavery,  they  form  more 
than  half  the  population  in  some  of  the  cotton 
states. 

The  sugar-cane  is  a  plant  that  needs  a  very 
warm  climate  to  ripen  it ;  and,  since 
along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  the  hottest 
part  of  the  United  States,  this  is  where  the 
sugar-cane  is  grown.  It  is  cultivated  in  Texas, 
and  somewhat  in  Florida  ;  but  the  great  sugar 
state  is  Louisiana.      As    you  sail  up  the  Mis- 


The  slaves. 


Sugar-cane. 


50 


What    is    Grown    on    the    Plantations 


About  rice. 


sissippi  River,  you  may  see  hundreds  of  sugar- 
plantations,  each  with  its  mill  or  "  sugar-house." 
When  the  cane  is  right  for  cutting,  it  is 
•How  sugar  Stripped  of  its  tops  and  leaves,  cut  into 
is  made.  short  pieccs,  tied  into  bundles,  and 
taken  to  the  mill.  Here  the  canes  are  crushed 
between  iron  rollers,  somewhat  as  apples  are 
in  making  cider  ;  and  the  juice  is  taken  and 
boiled  down  into  sirup  in  large  shallow  pans. 
Next  it  is  stirred  in  coolers  until  it  grains, 
or  becomes  graimlated.  Then  it  is  put  into 
hogsheads  having  holes  bored  in  the  end,  and 
these  are  placed  over  a  large  cistern,  and  left 
to  drain.  In  this  state  it  is  brown  sugar,  and 
the  drainings  are  molasses.  White  sugar  is 
merely  brown  sugar  refined,  or  boiled  over 
again,  and  worked  till  it  becomes  white. 

In  several  of  the  more  southerly  states  of 
this  section,  rice  is  grown,  —  most 
largely  in  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
and  Louisiana.  This  is  not  a  grain  belonging 
to  America,  as  maize  does  ;  and  it  was  not  cul- 
tivated in  this  country  till  about  two  hundred 
years  ago.  It  happened  in  this  way  :  A  sea- 
captain  who  came  to  Charleston,  S.C.,  brought 
with  him  from  the  island  of  Madagascar,  near 
Africa,  a  bag  of  seed-rice.  He  gave  it  to  a  gen- 
tleman, telling  him  that  he  had  seen  it  growing 
in  the  East  Indies,  where  people  used  it  for 
food  a  great  deal.  The  gentleman  divided  the 
seed  among  his  friends,  who  planted  it.  It  was 
found  to  grow  very  well,  and  has  been  cultivated 
quite  largely  ever  since. 

Rice  resembles  wheat  in  size,  color,  and  way 
Where  of  growiug  ;  but,  unlike  wheat,  it  needs 
used.  2i  low,   moist   soil.      It    must    be    kept 

under  water  when  first  sown  ;  and  after  it 
sprouts  the  water  must  be  drained  off,  and  the 
ground  kept  dry.  It  is  very  largely  grown  in 
China,  India,  and,  indeed,  in  all  the  warm,  moist 
countries  of  Asia  and  Africa.  It  forms  the 
food  of  more  people  than  any  other  grain,  and 
is  said  to  be  the  chief  food  of  one-third  of  the 
human  family. 


to    the! 


Tobacco. 


Its  history. 


There  is  another  plant  belonging 
Southern  States,  which  must  not  be 
overlooked,  though  it  is  not  so  useful 
as  some  of  the  other  plants  about  which  we  have 
been  reading.  This  is  tobacco.  The  "  tobacco- 
belt  "  is  in  the  northern  portion  of  this  section  ; 
and  the  great  tobacco  states  are  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 

The  tobacco-plant  is  a 
native  of  America, 
and  was  unknown 
to  the  rest  of  the  world  till 
the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,'] 
when  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
took  some  of  it  to  England 
from  Virginia.  For  a  time 
in  the  early  history  of  Vir- 
ginia the  raising  of  tobacc 
was  almost  the  only  busi 
ness  of  the  people,  and  at  this  time  tobacc 
took  the  place  of  money.  James  I.,  who  was 
king  of  England  at  the  time  when  Virginia  was 
settled,  was  much  opposed  to  the  use  of  this 
"vile  weed;"  and  he  tried  to  stop  its  use  b} 
writing  a  book,  in  which  he  gave  it  all  the  bac 
names  he  could  think  of. 

FOR  recitation. 


Vobacco  Plant. 


1.  What  is  the  ?nost  important  product  of  the  Souther 

States  ? 

Cotton  is  the  most  important  product  of  th 
Southern  States. 

2.  Which  are  the  greatest  cotton  states  ? 

They  are  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Texas. 

3.  In  which  states  is  the  sugar-cane  principally  grown  ? 
The  sugar-cane  is  principally  grown  in  Lou 

isiana,  Texas,  and  Florida. 

4.  In  which  states  is  rice  7nost  largely  grown  ? 
Rice  is  most  largely  grown   in   South   Caro 

lina,  Georgia,  and  Louisiana. 

5.  In  which  states  is  tobacco  most  cultivated? 
Tobacco  is  most  cultivated  in  Virginia,  North 

Carolina,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 


k 


Principal    Cities 


51 


Reading-Lesson    XXII. 


PRINCIPAL  CITIES. 


Mo-bile'  (beef) 
Ar'kan-sas  (saw) 


Rich'mond 
Gal'ves-ton 


Richmond,  the    capital    and    largest    city  of 
,    Virginia,    is    finely    situated    on    the 

•Richmond  o  '  -^ 

and  James  River.     It  has  many  flour-mills 

Wheeling.  ^^^^  tobacco-factorics.  Wheeling  is 
the  largest  city  of  West  Virginia.  It  is  noted 
for  its  iron-works. 

Wilmington  is  the  principal  city  of  North 
„,.,   .         Carolina.     It  is  a  seaport,  and    ships 

.Wilming-  '■  '  '^ 

ton  and        lumbcr,    naval    stores,    and    tobacco. 

areston.  (^i^^j-jgston  is  the  largest  city  in  South 
Carolina.  It  is  a  leading  port  for  the  shipping 
of  cotton. 

Louisville,  on  the  Ohio  River,  is  the  largest 
,     .    .„      city  in  Kentucky.     It  is  noted  for  its 

Louisville  -'  -' 

and  trade    and    manufactures.      Memphis, 

emp  IS.     ^^    ^j^^    Mississippi,    is    the    principal 

city  in  Tennessee.     It  has  a  large  trade. 

Savannah  is  the  largest  city  in  Georgia.     It 

Savannah     ^^  ^  scaport,  and  is  much  engaged  in 

and  Jack-      shipping  cotton.     Jacksonville,  on  the 

St.  John's  River,  is  the  largest  place 

in  Florida. 

Mobile  is  the  largest  city  in  Alabama.  It  is 
Mobile  and  OH  Mobilc  Bay,  near  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
vicksburg.    J(,q^  ^^^^  jg  ^^  important  shipping  place 

for  southern  products,  Vicksburg,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  is  the  largest  place  in  Mississippi. 

New  Orleans,  in  Louisiana,  is  the  largest  city 
New  in  the  Southern  States.     It  is  on  the 

Orleans.  Mississippi  Rivcr,  about  one  hundred 
miles  from  its  mouth.  New  Orleans  is  the 
greatest  cotton-market  in  the  world.  It  is  also 
the  largest  sugar-market  in  the  United  States. 
At  its  levees,  as  the  wharves  are  called,  are 
always  found  many  vessels  loading  with  South- 
ern products  to  be  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

This  city  was  founded  by  the  French,  and 
still  contains  a  large  French  population.     The 


descendants  of  the  original  French  settlers  are 
called  Creoles. 

Little  Rock  is  the  capital  and  largest  city  of 
Arkansas.      Galveston,  on    Galveston   mtieRock 
Bay,  is  the  largest  city  of  Texas.     It   andoai- 
is  the  principal  seaport  in  the  state, 
and  has  a  large  trade  in  shipping  cotton,  and 
other  Texan  products. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  Which   arc   the  largest  cities  in   Virginia  and  West 

Virginia  ? 

Richmond  in  Virginia,  and  Wheeling  in  West 
Virginia. 

2.  In  A^orth  Carolina  and  South  Carolina? 
Wilmington  in  North  Carolina,  and  Charles-^ 

ton  in  South  Carolina. 

3.  In  Ketitucky  and  Tennessee  f 

Louisville    in    Kentucky,    and    Memphis    in 
Tennessee. 

4.  In  Georgia  and  Florida  ? 

Savannah    in   Georgia,    and    Jacksonville    in 
Florida. 

5.  In  Alabama  and  Mississippi ? 

Mobile  in  Alabama,  and  Vicksburg  in  Missis- 
sippi. 

6.  In  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Texas? 

New   Orleans   in   Louisiana,    Little  Rock  in. 
Arkansas,  and  Galveston  in  Texas. 


New  Orleans. 


52 


The    Country    and    the    People 


53 


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54 


The    Country    and    the    People. 


ra\\^^ 


Western  Scenes. 


At  the  time  when  Washington  was  President 
First  there  were  west  of   the  Appalachian 

settlers.  Mountains  only  a  few  pioneers.  Here 
and  there  was  a  log  fort,  in  which  were  a  few 
soldiers  to  protect  the  western  border  of  our 
country  against  the  many  savage  tribes  of  Indi- 
ans. But  soon  after  this  many  people  began  to 
move  to  "the  West."  Then  all  over  that  wide 
region  could  be  seen  long  lines  of  slow-moving 
wagons  (for  this  was  before  the  day  of  railroads) 
carrying  the  families  and  goods  of  the  hardy 
settlers  on  their  way  to  break  up  the  prairies 
into  fertile  fields.  As  they  moved  onward,  the 
Indians  were  driven  before  them  to  seek  new 
hunting-grounds  still  farther  west. 

The  people  did  well  in  their  new  homes,  and 
Growth  of  as  time  passed  state  after  state  was 
the  West,  formed,  till  now  the  whole  of  the 
"  Great  West "  is  thickly  settled.  There  is 
another  thing  which  should  be  kept  in  mind. 
The  people  who  settled  the  West  were  noted 
for  what  we  sometimes  call  their  "go-ahead" 
disposition.  And  as  they  moved  from  the 
older  states,  where  there  were  set  ways  of 
doing  things,  to  a  country  where  they  had  to 


Surface. 


le 
3rairies. 


depend  very  much  on  their  own  wits,  they  soon 
learned  to  cto  things  in  new  and  better  ways. 

The  Central  States  have,  for  the  most  part, 
a  level  surface.  Indeed,  the  greater 
part  of  this  section,  and  especially  the 
middle  row  of  states  (Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  and  Nebraska),  are  prairie-lands. 

Prairies  are  great  tracts  of  land  without  for- 
ests, but  covered  with  natural  grass.   The 
Some   prairies    are  as  level  as  a  still   p'' 
lake ;    others  have  a  rolling   or  wave-like    sur-] 
face.     The    reason   why  the    prairies    have    n< 
trees  is  that  great  fires  have  often  swept  over 
them.     When   no    fires    come,    trees    begin    t( 
spring  up ;    trees  planted  by  the  settlers  keepl 
the  fires  away,  and  they  grow  rapidly. 

In  some  of  the  Central  States  —  especially 
in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota  —  are 
great  forests.  Others  are  too  hilly  to  be  called 
prairie  states.  Thus  the  northern  Forests 
part  of  Michigan  is  mountainous  ;  and  ^ndhiiis. 
in  the  southern  part  of  Missouri  are  rugged 
ridges  and  peaks  called  the  Ozark  Mountains. 

What  has  been  learned  about  the  climate  of 
the  states  on  the  Atlantic  coast  will  help  us  to 


\ 


Occupations    of    the    People 


55 


understand  about   the  climate  of    the   Central 
States.     Looking  at  the  map  of  the 

Climate.  .  .  , 

United  States,  and  remembering  that 
climate  is  in  belts,  we  may  carry  the  eye  along 
from  Maine  and  New  York  westward  to  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota ;  and  so  from 
Maryland  and  Virginia  westward  through  Ohio 
and  the  prairie  states.  Then,  when  we  think 
of  the  cold  winters  and  short  summers  of  Maine 
and  New  York,  we  may  guess  that  the  grains 
and  fruits  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Min- 
nesota must  be  much  the  same  as  are  raised  in 
Maine  and  New  York ;  that  is,  wheat,  potatoes, 
apples,  etc.  And  as  not  only  wheat  and  corn 
are  grown  in  Maryland  and  Virginia,  but  also 
tobacco  and  hemp,  and  the  vine,  we  may  expect 
to  find  these  products  in  the  more  southerly 
-^  ^\^f^  Central  States. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Reading-Lesson    XXIV. 


OCCUPATIONS    OF    THE    PEOPLE. 


1.  Which  are  the  Central  States  ? 

They  are  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan, 
and  Wisconsin,  east  of  the  Mississippi ; 
and  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Kansas,  and 
Nebraska,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Dakota 
Territory  is  also  in  this  section. 

2.  For  what  is  this  section  noted  f 

It  is  noted  as  being  the  granary  of  the 
United  States. 

3.  What  can  you  say  of  the  surface  ? 

The  surface  is  for  the  most  part  level. 

4.  In  which  states  are  great  forests  ? 

In  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota. 

5.  Which  states  are  partly  mountainous  f 

The  northern  part  of  Michigan  and  the  south- 
ern part  of  Missouri  are  mountainous. 

6.  What  of  the  climate  in  this  section  ? 

The  northern  part  has  a  climate  like  that  of 
Maine  and  New  York  ;  the  southern  part 
like  that  of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 


Cin-cin-na'ti  {-nah'ti) 
Chi-ca'go  (sAe-caw)') 


O'zark 
mar'ket-ing 


The  great  business  in  the  Central  States  is 
farming.  The  farms  are  very  large,  The  great 
and  the  ground  is  very  level.  Since  business, 
the  farms  are  large,  and  the  fields  level,  agricul- 
ture can  be  carried  on  in  a  very  different  way 
from  what  it  can  in  states  where  farmers  have 
small  farms  and  a  rugged  soil.  From  the 
plowing  of  the  ground  to  the  threshing  of  the 
wheat,  all  the  work  is  done  in  the  West  by 
improved  machinery, —  by  the  steam-plow,  the 
reaper,  the  thresher,  —  and  it  is  all  done  on  a 
great  scale.  How  different  from  the  old  days 
when  there  was  only  the  sickle  to  gather  in  the 
harvest ! 

The  largest  crop  is  the  corn-crop ;  for  corn 
p-rows  finely  in  all  the  Central  States. 
This  gram  is  a  native  of  America. 
The  Indians  called  it  mahiz,  a  name  which  we 
have  changed  to  maize;  and  the  Spaniards 
called  it  Indian-corn,  because  they  iirst  saw 
it  cultivated  by  the  American  Indians.  The 
quantity  of  corn  grown  in  this  section  is  very 
large  indeed.  What  becomes  of  it  }  It  is 
eaten  at  home ;  it  is  sent  abroad  ;  and  it  is 
used  for  feeding  hogs,  cattle,  and  horses. 

Wheat  is   another  grain   that  is  raised  very 
larsrelv  in  the  Central  States,  —  espe- 

*      -^  *  Wheat. 

cially  in  the  northern  range  of  states. 
Wheat  is  more  valuable  than  corn  even,  because 
it  is  more  generally  used  throughout  the  world. 
It  is  sold  by  the  farmer  to  those  who  make 
it  into  flour  by  grinding  and  bolting,  and  in 
this  form  it  is  sent  in  barrels  to  every  part 
of  the  earth.  This  grain  was  not  known  in 
America  till  it  was  brought  here  from  Europe 
by  the  early  settlers  ;  but  now  Europe  sends 
to  this  country  for  very  large  quantities  of 
wheat  and  flour. 

Besides  corn  and  wheat,  the  other  grains  and 


56 


Occupations    of    the    People 


Grazing. 


Hogs. 


plants  of  the  Temperate  Zone — as  oats,  barley, 
Other  grains  ryc,  garden  vegetables,  fruits,  hemp, 
and  plants,  tobacco  —  are  all  raised  very  largely 
in  this  section.  Great  quantities  of  hay  are 
made,  and  sent  to  parts  of  the  country  where 
it  is  not  produced.  In  several  of  the  states, 
especially  in  Ohio  and  Missouri,  the  vine  is 
cultivated  for  wine-making. 

Grazing  is,  next  to  agriculture,  the  greatest 
business  in  the  Central  States.  Be- 
fore man  had  made  his  way  into  the 
Western  wilderness,  the  grassy  prairies  fed  vast 
herds  of  buffalo  and  deer :  now  they  feed  vast 
herds  of  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep.  The  cattle 
are  sent  East  to  furnish  beef  and  hides.  They 
come  from  as  far  west  as  Kansas,  where  stock- 
raising  is  followed  very  largely  on  the  plains. 

It  is  quite  profitable  to  raise  hogs  in  the 
West,  because  of  the  cheapness  of 
corn,  on  which  they  are  fatten"ed.  The 
traveler  may  see  any  day,  in  most  of  these 
states,  great  droves  of  hogs  on  the  way  to  mar- 
ket. No  doubt  they  are  to  be  forwarded  to 
Cincinnati,  Chicago,  or  some  other  one  of  the 
great  centers  of  the  "pork-packing"  business, 
and  from  them  pork,  hams,  bacon,  and  lard  are 
shipped  in  great  quantities. 

This  section  is  rich  in  minerals.  In  nearly 
all  these  states  great  beds  of  coal 
are  found.  Iron  is  most  plentiful  in 
Michigan  and  Missouri.  Iron  Mountain,  in 
the  O^ark  Mountains  of  Missouri,  is  a  whcle 
moun.ain  of  iron-ore.  In  the  northern  part  of 
Michigan,  near  Lake  Superior,  are  the  richest 
copper-mines  in  the  world.  Lead  is  found  in 
Missouri,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa. 

In  the    northern   states    of   this  section   are 
great  forests  of  white-pine.     Owing 

Lumbering.       °  ^  ° 

to  this  fact  the  business  of  lumber- 
ing if  largely  followed.  The  lumbermen  go 
into  the  woods*  in  winter,  and  build  huts  for 
themselves.  First,  the  trees  are  felled;  then 
they  are  stripped  of  their  branches,  and  cut 
into   logs.     These  are  drawn    over  the    snow- 


Mtnerals. 


covered  ground  by  teams  of  oxen  to  the  banks 
of  the  rivers  ;  and  when  spring  comes  the  logs 
are  floated  down  to  the  saw-mills,  where  they 
are  sawed  into  boards  and  other  kinds  of  lumber,  d 

As  the  Western  people  are  so  largely  engaged 
in  farming,  we  may  suppose  that  they  Manufac- 
can  not  be  a  very  great  manufacturing  ^"""g- 
people.  And,  as  a  general  rule,  this  is  true. 
Still,  in  many  of  the  states,  and  particularly 
in  Ohio  and  Illinois,  manufacturing  is  a  very 
important  business.  The  principal  articles 
manufactured  are  farming-tools  and  machinery, 
flour,  iron-castings,  leather,  boots  and  shoes, 
lumber,  furniture,  wagons  and  carriages,  and 
spirituous  and  malt  liquors. 

The  Central  States  have  a  vast  commerce. 
Thev  exchange  the  corn   and  wheat, 

^  "  Commerce. 

the  beef  and  pork,  raised  by  their 
farmers,  for  the  manufactures  of  the  New  Eng 
land  and  Middle  States,  and  for  the  goods 
brought  into  the  Atlantic  cities  from  all  parts 
of  the  world.  This  commerce  is  carried  on  by 
means  of  thousands  of  steamers  which  ply 
upon  the  rivers  and  "the  Great  Lakes,"  and  by 
means  of  many  railroads  which  connect  the  val- 
ley of  the  Mississippi  with  the  Atlantic  coast. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


I 
I 


1.  What  is  the  great  business  in  the  Central  States? 
The  great  business  there  is  agriculture. 

2.  What  are  the  two  principal  grains  of  this  section  ? 
The  two  principal  grains  are  corn  and  wheat. 

3.  What  business  ranks  after  agriculture  ? 
Grazing  ranks  next  after  agriculture. 

4.  What  are  the  four  principal  minerals  in  this  section  ? 
They  are  coal,  iron,  copper,  and  lead. 

5.  Where  is  lumbering  largely  carried  on  in  this  section  ? 
Lumbering  is  largely  carried  on  in  the  north- 
ern states  of  this  section. 

6.  Which  are  the  two  principal  manufacturing  states 

in  this  section  ? 

They  are  Ohio  and  Illinois. 


Cities. 


57 


Reading-Lesson    XXV. 


CITIES. 


Cov'ing'-ton  (^ktiv') 
Des  Moines  (de  moin) 
Leav'en-'worth  {lev') 


Mil-wau'kee 
O'raa-ha  {-haio) 
St.  Lou'is  {sent) 


Chicago. 

The    three    largest    cities    in     the    Central 
States    are    Chicago,  in    Illinois ;    St. 

Chicago.  ..-_.  .  ,-,..  .. 

Louis,  in  Missouri ;  and  Cincinnati,  in 
Ohio.  Chicago  is  finely  situated  on  Lake 
Michigan,  and  is  the  great  center  of  trade 
between  the  East  and  the  West.  Chicago  is 
the  greatest  grain-market  in  the  world.  From 
the  railroad-cars  the  grain  is  run  up  into  ele- 
vators by  buckets  fastened  to  an  endless  chain, 
and  worked  by  steam-machinery,  and  is  then 
poured  through  spouts  into  the  holds  of  vessels. 
More  business  in  live-stock  is  done  in  Chicago 
than  in  any  other  city  of  the  Union.  It  is 
said  that  every  day  as  many  trains  of  cars 
enter  and  leave  the  city  as  there  are  days  in 
the  year. 

St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  is  another 
great  center  of  trade.  It  is  an  old 
city,  having  been  founded  by  the 
French  nearly  two  hundred  years  ago.  St. 
Louis  is  very  largely  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  iron-ware.  The  Mississippi  at  this 
point  is  spanned  by  a  splendid  steel  bridge. 
St.  Louis  is  noted  for  its  fine  schools,  and  for 
its  literary  and  benevolent  societies. 


St.  Louis. 


Other  cities. 


Cincinnati,  on  the  Ohio  River,  is  the  center  of 
trade  for  the  Ohio  Valley.     It  is  known 

t  ^  ^.  ,-       ,         ,,,  .,     Cincinnati. 

as  the  "  Queen  City  of  the  West. 
Around  it  are  handsome  hills,  on  which  are 
many  elegant  residences.  Cincinnati  is  noted 
for  its  varied  manufactures  and  its  many  great 
pork-packing  establishments.  A  fine  sus- 
pension-bridge across  the  Ohio  connects 
Cincinnati  with  Covington,  Kentucky. 

Indianapolis    is    the    capital    and    largest 
city  of  Indiana.     Many  railroads 
meet    here,    and    much    manufac- 
turing is  done. 

Milwaukee  is  the  largest  city  of  Wiscon- 
sin. It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities 
in  the  West,  and  is  noted  for  its  great  trade 
in  wheat. 

Detroit  is  the  largest    city  in    Michigan. 
It  has  a  fine   harbor,  and  is   noted  for  its 
trade  and  manufactures. 

Minneapolis  is  the  largest  city  of  Minnesota. 
It  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  situation  and  fine 
water-power,  and  for  its  manufacture  of  flour 
and  lumber. 

Des  Moines  is  the  capital  and  largest  city  of 
Iowa. 

Leavenworth  is  the  largest  city  in  Kansas. 
It  has  active  trade  and  manufactures. 

Omaha  is  the  largest  city  in  Nebraska.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  and  has  an 
active  trade. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


What  are  the  three  largest  cities  in  the  Central  States  f 

The  three  largest  cities  in  the  Central  States 
are  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  Cincinnati. 

jVajne  the  largest  city  in  each  of  the  other  Central 
States. 

They  are  Indianapolis,  in  Indiana ;  Milwau- 
kee, in  Wisconsin  ;  Detroit,  in  Michigan  ; 
Minneapolis,  in  Minnesota ;  Des  Moines, 
in  Iowa ;  Leavenworth,  in  Kansas ;  and 
Omaha  in  Nebraska. 


58 


Longitude 


West       from 


Greenwich 


H 

tfv*      Sam. 


Santa  S3r/,„ 


PACIFIC  STATES 

AND 

TEREITOEIES. 


SCALE  OF  STATUTE  MIUES 


50  100  I  SCO 


Longitude  West 


The    Rocky    Mountain    Region. 


59 


PACIFIC    HIGHLAND    AND    COAST. 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP. 

What  four  states  are  in  this  section?  Ans.  Colo- 
rado, Nevada,  California,  and  Oregon.  What  seven 
territories?  Ans.  Montana,  Wyoming,  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  Utah,  Idaho,  and  Washington.  What  country 
north  of  this  section  ?  South  ?  What  ocean  is  west  ? 
Which  states  and  territory  border  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean  ?  Which  on  Mexico  ?  What  mountain  system 
extends  through  the  eastern  part  of  this  section? 
What  mountain  ranges  extend  through  the  western 
part?  What  range  is  near  the  Pacific  coast?  What 
cape  is  on  the  west  coast  of  California  ?  What  bay  ? 
What  cape  on  the  west  coast  of  Washington  Territory  ? 
What  sound  in  the  western  part  of  Washington  Ter- 
ritory? What  large  lake  in  Utah?  What  lake  near 
the  central  part  of  California?  What  river  is  in  the 
northern  part  of  Montana  Territory?  What  three 
large  rivers  rise  in  Colorado  ?  What  large  river  flows 
into  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  What  two  rivers  flow  into 
San  Francisco  Bay?  What  river  between  Washing- 
ton Territory  and  Oregon  ? 

Of  what  states  or  territories  are  these  places  the 
capitals:  Helena?  Cheyenne?  Denver?  Santa  F6? 
Prescott?  Salem?  Bois6  City?  Olympia?  Carson 
City?     Sacramento?     Salt  Lake  City? 

In  what  state  is  each  of  these  chief  cities  :  Virginia 
City?     Denver?     Portland?     San  Francisco? 


■♦  » 


Reading-Lesson    XXVI. 


THE    ROCKY    MOUNTAIN    REGION. 


canon  {kan-yun') 
Or'e-gon 


Col-o-ra'do 
U'tah 


In  reading  about  North  America  we  learned 
Pacific  a  little  about  the  Pacific  Highland.  It 
Highland,  jg  ^^i^^  great  region  which  stretches 
from  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
westward  to  the  Pacific  coast.  This  section  is 
so  large  that  it  is  more  than  one-third  of  our 
whole  country.  Yet,  though  it  is  so  very  large, 
the  number  of  people   in   it   is    less   than    are 


found  in  single  states  in  the  more  thickly  set- 
tled sections  of  the  United  States. 

There  are  four  states  and  seven  territories 
in  this  section.  We  may  best  study  ns 
them  in  two  divisions,  —  the  Rocky  divisions. 
Mountain  region  and  the  Pacific  coast  region, 
because  these  two  divisions  are  in  many  ways 
very  unlike.  They  are  unlike  in  the  kind  of 
country,  in  'the  nature  of  the  soil,  in  climate, 
and  in  the  occupations  of  the  people. 

The  Pacific  coast  di- 
vision includes  states  and 
two   states    and     territories. 

one  territory.  They  are 
California  and  Oregon, 
which  are  states ;  and 
Washington,  which  is  a 
territory.  In  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region  are  two 
states,  Colorado  and  Ne- 
vada. The  other  six 
names  which  you  see  on 
the  map  are  the  names 
of  territories. 

Seeing  all  these  names 
of  states  and  when  a 
territories,  is  wilderness, 
it  not  a  very  wonderful 
thing  to  learn  that  only 
about  thirty  years  ago  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  was  a  wilderness  .''  Almost  the  only  in- 
habitants were  wandering  tribes  of  Indians.  It 
is  true  that  a  few  bold  explorers  had  ventured 
into  this  mountain-land  ;  but  people  generally 
cared  very  little  about  it.  They  did  not  think 
there  was  any  thing  to  pay  them  for  going  there. 
Yet  there  was,  as  we  shall  see. 

In  the  year  1848  happened  that  wonderful  dis- 
covery, the  finding  of  large  quantities  of  Finding 
gold  in  California.     At  once  men  began   °^  ^oJd- 


Geyser  in  Yellowstone  Park. 


6o 


The    Rocky    Mountain    Region. 


to  think  there  might  be  gold  or  silver  in  the 
country  east  of  California.  And  they  were  right ; 
for,  soon  after  this,  mines  of  silver  were  found 
in  Nevada  richer  tnan  any  known  in  the  world 
before.  About  the  same  time  it  was  found 
that  there  was  gold  in  Colorado.  After  this 
people  went  on  finding  more  and  more  gold 
and  silver  in  different  parts  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region.  This  brought  many  new  settlers 
to  those  parts  ;  and  so  the  different  territories 
and  states  have  grown  up.  The  story  is  more 
wonderful  than  any  fairy-tale. 

As  the  states  on  the  Pacific  coast  grew  in 
Across  the  populatiou  and  riches,  and  mining- 
continent,  towns  sprang  up  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, it  was  thought  that  a  railroad  was  needed 
to  join  the  Pacific  coast  with  the  Atlantic  coast. 
So  an  iron  track  "across  the  continent "  was 
built  from  Omaha  on  the  Missouri  River  (in 
Nebraska)  westward  to  the  Pacific  coast.  This 
great  work  was  finished  in  1869;  and  now  we 
may  travel  the  whole  three  thousand  miles  from 
New  York  to  San  Francisco  in  seven  days. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  are  famous  for  their 
National  grand  scenery.  And  if  you  look  on 
Park,  ^Y\e  map  at  the  place  where  Montana, 

Wyoming,  and  Idaho  come  together,  you  will 
see  one  of  the  grandest  parts.  It  is  named  the 
"National  Park,"  because  Congress  gave  it  to 
the  whole  people  of  the  United  States.  Though 
it  does  not  look  very  large  on  the  map,  it  is  as 
large  as  the  state  of  Connecticut.  In  it  are 
many  lofty  waterfalls,  deep  canons  (which 
are  great  rents  in  the  rock),  beautiful  lakes,  and 
several  thousand  boiling  springs  and  geysers. 
It  is  surely  the  grandest  park  in  the  world. 

In  the  greater  part  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  scarcely  any  rain  ever  falls. 
The  reason  of  this  is,  that,  as  the  rain- 
clouds  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  blow  eastward, 
most  of  the  moisture  is  taken  from  them  by 
the  cold  tops  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 
You  may  easily  guess,  then,  that  there  is  not 
much  vegetation  in  this  region.     And  this  is  so. 


About  rain. 


Still,  in  some  parts,  as  in  Colorado,  there  is 
rain  enough  to  grow  good  crops.     And  stock- 
in    many    other   parts    of    the    Rocky  r^'smg. 
Mountains    there  is  fine   grazing.      More    and 
more  people  are  taking  to  stock-raising. 

But  the  great  business  in  this  section  is 
mining,  —  mining  for  gold  and  silver.  The  great 
And,  as  the  wish  to  find  these,  first  business, 
drew  the  solitary  gold-seeker  with  his  pick  and 
shovel  into  this  mountain  wilderness,  so  it  is 
the  mining  of  these  metals  that  supports  the 
hundreds  of  busy  "camps"  all  over  this  region. 


Hydraulic  Mining. 

There  are  no  great  cities  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region.      The  three  largest  places 

»  _  &  1  Cities. 

are    Denver   in    Colorado,   Salt    Lake 

City  in  Utah,  and  Virginia  City  in  Nevada. 

Denver  is  a  young,  but  brisk,  busy  city.  It 
is  the  principal  trading-place  for  a  large  part  of 
the  mining  country. 

Salt  Lake  City  is  the  capital  of  Utah.  It 
was  first  settled  by  a  people  called  Mormons. 
The  place  is  pleasantly  laid  out. 

Virginia  City  is  the  largest  place  in  the  state 
of  Nevada.  Here  you  may  visit  some  of  the 
sreatest  silver-mines  in  the  world. 

FOR  RECITATION. 

1.  Noia   niuch   of  the  United  States   is   in   the  Pacific 

Highland? 
About  one-third  is  in  the  Pacific  Highland. 

2.  What  two  divisions  are  there  in  this  section  ? 

The  two  divisions  are  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region  and  the  Pacific-coast  division. 


i 


The    Pacific    Coast. 


6i 


3.  How  7nany  states  and  territories   are   there   in   the 

Rocky  Mountain  region  / 

There  are  two  states   (Colorado  and  Nevada) 
and  six  territories. 

4.  Why  is  there  very  little  vegetation  in   tnost  of  the 

Rocky  Mountain  region? 

Because  very  little  rain  falls  there. 

5.  What  business  is  carried  on  in  sotne  parts  ? 
Stock-raising  is  carried  on  in  some  parts. 

6.  What  is  the  great  business  here  ? 
Mining  for  gold  and  silver. 

7.  What  are  the  three  largest  places  in  this  section  ? 

The    three   largest    places  are  Denver,  Salt 
Lake  City,  and  Virginia  City. 


-«-♦- 


Reading-Lesson    XXVII. 


THE    PACIFIC    COAST. 


Yo-sem'i-te 

San  Jo-a-quin'  (/lo-a-keen') 


Wil-lam'ette 
Pu'get  Uei) 


We  have  already  seen  that    on    the    Pacific 
coast  there  are  two  states,  —  Califor- 


The  states. 


nia  and  Oregon  ;  and  one  territory. 


Washington. 


Description. 


Seasons. 


Every  pupil  has  heard  or  read  something 
about  California,  the  "Golden  State."  We 
think  of  it  —  do  we  not .''  —  as  a  bright   „. 

<->  1  he 

land,    with   a  lovely    climate,   rich    in   "Coiden 
gold,    and    producing    the    vine,    the 
olive,  and  the  orange. 

California  is  about  twice  as  large  as  all  the 
New  England  States  taken  together. 
The  Sierra  Nevada  Range  extends 
the  whole  length  of  the  state.  That  part 
which  lies  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  is  dry  and  barren.  West  of 
these  mountains  are  two  fine  valleys,  formed 
by  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  rivers. 
These  are  famed  for  their  fertility. 

In  California  there  are  only  two  seasons. 
These  are  the  rainy  season,  or  winter, 
and  the  dry  season,  or  summer.  The 
rainy  season  begins  in  December,  and  ends  in 
April.  During  the  rest  of  the  year  not  a  drop 
of  rain  falls  :  the  sun  shines  bright  and  cloud- 
less ;  the  heat,  except  along  the  seacoast,  is 
very  great  ;  and  the  hills  and  valleys  have  a 
very  barren  look.  But  in  January,  soon  after 
the  first  rains,  the  whole  face  of  the  country  is 
covered  with  green  grass  and  hundreds  of 
kinds  of  brilliant  wild-flowers. 

It  was  its  gold  that  first  made  California 
famous.  And,  though  farming  is  now 
a  greater  business  than  mining,  yet 
working  the  precious  metals  is  still  an  impor- 
tant occupation.  Besides  gold,  quicksilver  and 
several  other  metals  are  found. 

If  one  were  to  visit  California  for  the  first 
time  in  the  summer  season,  when  the 
soil  is  all  parched,  he  would  say  that  it 
must  be  very  hard  to  raise  any  thing  in  such 
barren-looking  ground.  But  what  a  mistake  ! 
For  after  the  soil  has  been  soaked  by  the  win- 
ter rains  it  yields  abundantly.  All  the  grains 
and  fruits  of  the  Temperate  Zone  flourish 
finely ;  and  the  common  vegetables,  such  as 
beets,  cabbages,  potatoes,  etc.,  grow  to  a  won- 
derful size. 


Mining. 


Agriculture. 


62 


The    Pacific    Coast, 


I 


Wheat. 


Wine. 


Semi- 
tropical 
fruits. 


A  Sheep-ranch  in  California 

Wheat  is  the  great  crop  raised  for  export.  A 
few  years  ago  every  barrel  of  flour  used 
in  California  had  to  be  brought  there 
from  the  older  states  :  now  California  is  one  of 
the  best  wheat-growing  states  in  the  Union. 
Wine  is  another  important  product  of  the 
Golden  State.  Many  large  vineyards 
have  been  planted,  and  millions  of 
gallons  of  wine  are  sent  to  other  parts  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  foreign  countries. 
Southern  California  yields  not  only  the  wine 
and  all  the  fruits,  grains,  and  vegeta- 
bles of  the  Temperate  Zone,  but  a 
variety  of  semi-tropical  fruits,  as  the 
orange,  lemon,  olive,  and  fig. 

In  some  parts  of  California  wool- 
wooi-  growing  is  a  great  business, 

growing.  You  find  large  farms,  called 
ranches,  on  which  are  immense  flocks 
of  sheep.  Wool  is  a  very  valuable 
export  of  this  state. 

California   is    noted    for  its  grand 
scenery.       The      Yosemite 

Scenery. 

Valley  and  Falls,  the  Big 
Tree  Groves,  Lake  Tahoe,  and  the 
Geyser  Hot  Springs  are  visited  by 
tourists  from  all  countries.  The 
Yosemite  Valley,  in  the  central  part 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Range,  is  a 
great  cleft  in  the  mountains,  several 
miles  long,  with  granite  walls  rising 
from  two  thousand  to  four  thousand 
feet  in  height.  Over  one  of  these 
walls  a  small    mountain-stream   falls 


a  distance  of  thirteen  hundred  feet,  and  is  one 
of  the  natural  objects  which  attract  tourists. 

San  Francisco  is  the  largest  city  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  It  has  a  splendid  har-  san 
bor,  the  entrance  to  which  is  called  Francisco, 
the  "Golden  Gate."  Out  of  it  sail  ships  and 
steamers  bound  for  all  parts  of  the  world.  The 
inhabitants  of  San  Francisco  have  been  drawn 
from  all  countries.  One  part  of  the  population 
would  be  noticed  by  strangers,  —  namely,  the 
Chinese,  of  whom  there  are  several  thousands 
in  this  city. 

Sacramento,  in  the  central  part  of  the  State, 
is  the  capital.     Oakland,  on  San  Fran-  other 
cisco  Bay,  ten  miles  from  San  Fran-  '^'''^^• 
cisco,  is  the  second  city  in  the  state. 

In   Oregon   and  Washington   there  are   two 
parts  which  differ  very  much.     About   q^.^ 
one  third  of  Oregon  and  Washington   and  wash- 
is  west   of   the   Cascade    Range,   and  '"^  °"' 
about  two-thirds  are  east  of  it. 

The  part  west  of  the  mountains  has  plentiful 
winter  rains.  It  is  a  fertile  region, 
with  great  forests.  The  part  east  of 
the  mountains  has  very  little  rain,  and  hence 
is  for  the  most  part  barren.  Why  } 
Because  scanty  rain  always  means 
scanty  vegetation. 

In  the  west  section  are  grand  old 
forests.     All   the  navies  in 

Forests. 

the  world  might  be  built 
from  the  towering  pines  and  stout 
oaks.  The  timber  and  lumber  busi- 
ness is  of  great  importance  in  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon,  and  is  growing 
rapidly. 

The  Willamette  Valley  in  Oregon 
is  particularly  noted  as  an 
agricultural  district.  The 
people  not  only  produce  grain  enough 
for  themselves,  but  have  large  quan- 
tities to  send  abroad.  Much  atten- 
-^w;    tion  is  also  sfiven  to  fruit-raising  and 


Description. 


Farming. 


Lumbering  in  Oregon. 


wool-growing. 


The    Pacific    Coast 


63 


Manufac 
turing. 


While  farming  and  lumbering  are  the  chief 
occupations  in  this  region,  the  people 
are  fast  building  up  various  kinds  of 
manufactures,  as  those  of  cotton  and  woolen 
cloths,  flour,  furniture,  boots  and  shoes,  etc. 
Portland  is  the  chief  city  of  Oregon.  A  large 
trade  is  carried  on  here.  There  are 
no  large  places  yet  in  Washington  ; 
but  thriving  towns,  among  which  are  Olympia 
and  Seattle,  are  growing  up  on  Puget  Sound. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Cities. 


1.    What  two  states  and  one  territory  are  ott  the  Pacific 
coast ? 

The  states  of  California  and  Oregon,  and  the 

territory  of  Washington. 


2.  What  is  the  size  of  California? 

California  is  nearly  twice  the  size  of  all  the 
New  England  States  taken  together. 

3.  What  can  you  say  of  viining  in  California? 
Mining  is  still  an  important  occupation. 

4.  What  is  the  principal  occupation  in  California  ? 
The  principal  occupation  is  agriculture. 

5.  What  are  the  three  principal  exports  of  California  ? 
They  are  wheat,  wool,  and  wine. 

6.  What  is  the  largest  city  on  the  Pacific  coast  ? 
San  Francisco  is  the  largest  city. 

7.  What  kinds  of  business  are  most  largely  carried  on 

ift  Oregon,  and  in  Washington  Territory  ? 

Agriculture  and  lumbering. 


TOPICAL    REVIEW    QUESTIONS    ON    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


In  what  part  of  North  America  is  the  United  States? 
Why  is  our  country  called  the  United  States?  Where 
and  when  were  the  first  two  English  settlements  made? 
How  many  states  are  there  now?  What  is  the  popula- 
tion of  the  United  States? 

Name  the  New  England  States.  Name  the  five  Middle 
States.  How  many  states  are  there  in  the  Southern  sec- 
tion? Which  ten  are  east  of  the  Mississippi?  Which 
three  are  west?  How  many  states  in  the  Central  sec- 
tion? Name  the  five  states  east  of  the  Mississippi  in 
this  section.  Name  the  four  states  and  one  territory 
west  of  the  Mississippi  in  this  section.  How  much  of 
the  United  States  is  in  the  Pacific  Highland?  What 
are  the  two  divisions  of  this  section?  Name  the  states 
and  territories  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region.  What 
two  states  and  one  territory  are  on  the  Pacific  coast? 

What  is  the  nature  of  the  surface  in  New  England? 
What  is  the  highest  mountain  in  this  section?  What 
mountains  are  in  the  Middle  States?  What  kind  of  cli- 
mate have  the  Southern  States?  What  is  the  nature  of 
the  surface  in  the  Central  States?  What  are  the  great 
mountains  of  the  Pacific  Highland?  What  two  ranges 
near  the  Pacific  coast? 

Name  the  four  most  noted  rivers  of  New  England. 
Name  the  largest  navigable  rivers  in  the  Middle  States, 
Which  of  the  "great  lakes"  border  on  the  Middle 
States?  What  great  river  flows  through  the  Southern 
States?  Name  its  two  largest  tributaries  in  this  section. 
Which   of    the    "great   lakes"   border   on    the    Central 


States?  Where  does  the  Mississippi  rise?  Name  its 
principal  tributaries  from  the  east  in  this  section.  From 
the  west.  What  three  large  rivers  rise  in  the  mountains 
of  Colorado?  Describe  the  course  of  the  Columbia. 
Why  is  there  little  vegetation  in  most  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region? 

What  are  the  principal  occupations  in  New  England? 
Which  are  the  two  most  important  branches  of  manufac- 
ture? In  which  states  is  lumbering  a  great  business 
here?  In  which  the  fisheries?  Name  the  chief  exports  of 
New  England.  What  are  the  chief  farm  products  of  the 
Middle  States?  Which  state  mines  most  coal  and  iron? 
Name  six  large  manufacturing  cities  in  this  section. 
What  is  the  most  important  business  in  the  Middle 
States?  Name  the  three  largest  seaports.  What  is  the 
principal  occupation  in  the  Southern  States?  What 
articles  are  obtained  from  the  forests  here?  What  is 
the  most  important  product  of  this  section?  Name  the 
three  leading  cotton  states.  Where  is  sugar  most  largely 
produced?  Rice?  Tobacco?  What  is  the  great  busi- 
ness in  the  Central  States?  What  are  the  principal 
grains  raised?  Name  the  principal  minerals  of  this  sec- 
tion.    In  which  states  is  lumbering  most  largely  carried 


onr 


?     Manufacturing?     Name  the  three  largest  cities  in 


the  Central  States.  What  is  the  leading  business  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region?  What  are  the  three  chief 
exports  of  the  Pacific  States? 

What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States?     Name  the 
capital  of  each  state. 


64 


Greenland    and    Iceland. — Alaska. 


OTHER     COUNTRIES     OF     NORTH     AMERICA. 


Reading-Lesson    XXVIII. 


GREENLAND  AND   ICELAND.  — ALASKA. 


Dan'ish 

au-ro'ra  bo-re-a'lis 

gla'cier 


Es'ki-mo 

Reyk'ja-vik  {rik'i/a-) 
A-leut' 


It  is  an   interest- 
ing fact  in   the  life 
of    Columbus,    that 
among  his  early  sea- 
voyages,    before    he 
set  out  on  that  voy- 
age which  led  to  the 
discovery  of    America,  was    a 
visit    to     Iceland.      While    in 
Iceland   Columbus  must  have 
heard  of  that  part  of  North  Amer- 
ica called  Greenland  ;  for  the   Ice- 
landers  had  discovered   and    made 
settlements  in  that  country  several 
Eskimo  catching    hundrcd  ycars   before,  and  Colum- 
bus may  very  likely  have   seen  and 
talked  with  sailors  who   had  visited  the  Green- 
land coast. 

A  long  time  ago  both  Greenland  and  Iceland 
came   into  the  hands  of   a  people  of 
Europe    called    the    Danes.       Hence 
these    two    far    north- 
ern regions  are  named 
Danish  America. 

Greenland  is  a  very 
large  island  ;  and  very 

Greenland  Uttlc  is  knOWn 
scenes.  about      it,      CX- 

cept  its  coast.  The  in- 
terior is  buried  under  a 
vast  mass  of  ice,  which 
by  many  slow-moving 
ice-rivers  called  ^/a^Vr^- 
is  carried  to  the  coast. 


Danish 
America. 


Eskimo  Dress  and  Huts. 


where  it  breaks  off  with  a  great  crash,  and  floats 
away  into  the  sea  as  icebergs.  Through  June 
and  July  the  sun  is  always  above  the  horizon. 
The  earth  then  begins  to  thaw,  and  the  Green- 
landers  have  their  short  summer.  Wild-flowers 
then  spring  up,  and  grass  grows,  on  which  herds 
of  musk-oxen  feed.  During  the  long  winter 
the  sun  is  not  seen  for  months.  In  this  season 
the  northern  light,  or  aurora  borcalis,  —  a  crown 
of  beautiful  rosy  light,  —  streams  across  the 
sky.  It  is  often  so  bright  that  the  stars  fade 
before  it. 

You  may  think  it  strange  how  people  can 
live  in  so  cold  and  dreary  a  country  Life  in 
as  Greenland  ;  and,  indeed,  they  would  Greenland, 
not  be  able  to  live  at  all  if  it  were  not  for  what 
they  get  from  the  sea.  The  whale,  the  walrus, 
and  the  seal,  as  well  as  cod,  herring,  and  other 
fish,  abound  in  the  waters  ;  and  vast  flocks  of 
sea-fowl  visit  the  coast. 

There  are  in  Greenland  a  few  hundred  white 
people,  mostly  Danes  ;  but  the  natives  The  Green- 
are  the  Eskimos,  who  are  found  in  all  lenders, 
the  arctic  region  of  America.  The  missionaries 
have  done  a  good  deal  for  them  ;  but  they  are 
still  a  very  low,  ignorant  race. 

The  Eskimos  live  in  small,  oven-shaped  huts, 

built  of   large   The 

blocks  of  snow.     Eskimos. 

Their  chief  food  is  the 
blubber  of  the  whale 
and  seal,  with  dried  fish, 
oil,  birds,  and  bear's 
meat.  They  are  clothed, 
men  and  women  alike, 
in  skins  from  head  to 
foot.  Their  chief  occu- 
pations are  fishing  and 
hunting.  They  spear 
seals  from  their  canoes, 


Dominion    of    Canada.  —  Northern    Region 


65 


which  they  handle  with  great  skill.     They  scud 
over  the  frozen  ground  in  sleds  drawn  by  teams 
:  of   trained    dogs,   in    pursuit    of   wild    animals, 
which  they  kill  for  their  skins  and  flesh. 

From  its  name  one  might  think  that  Iceland' 
is  as  cold  as  "Greenland's  icy  mountains." 
But  though  it  is  so  far  north,  it  has  a  milder 
I  Climate  climatc  than  some  countries  farther 
of  Iceland,  gouth.  This  is  ou  accouut  of  a  warm 
ocean  current  that  flows  near  it. 

There  are  high  mountains  in  Iceland,  with 
Natural  great  glaciers.  There  are  also  many 
scenes.  volcanocs.  The  most  noted  is  named 
Hecla.  It  is  a  mile  high,  and  has  five  craters, 
from  which,  at  times,  pour  floods  of  lava  and 
showers  of  ashes.  Another  natural  curiosity  is 
the  wonderful  boiling  springs  called  geysers. 
Some  of  these  throw  up  jets  of  hot  water  two 
hundred  feet  high,  and  the  vapor  forms  clouds 
that  are  seen  for  miles  away. 

The  Icelanders  are  descendants  of  people 
The  Ice-  from  Norway,  a  country  in  Europe, 
landers.  They  are  a  thrifty,  warm-hearted,  and 
hospitable  people.  Among  them  you  can  hardly 
find  a  grown  person  who  can  not  read  and  write. 
Cows,  horses,  sheep,  and  goats  are  the  chief 
wealth  of  the  Icelanders.  But  many  are  en- 
gaged in  the  fisheries.  Iceland  exports  fish, 
—  both  salted  and  dried,  —  tallow,  sheepskins, 
coarse  woolen  mittens  and  stockings,  eider- 
down, and  Iceland  moss. 

The  capital  is  Reykjavik,  which  means  steam- 
town,  and  this  name  was  given  the  place  on  ac- 
count of  the  boiling  springs  near  it. 

Alaska,  the  north-western  peninsula  of  North 
America,  belongs  to  the  United  States. 
Two  native  races  inhabit  Alaska,  — 
Indians,  and  a  people  called  Aleuts,  who  re- 
semble the  Eskimos.  The  Indians  hunt  the 
fur-bearing  animals  found  in  the  forests  of  the 
interior.  The  Aleuts,  who  live  on  the  coast  and 
islands,  are  engaged  in  killing  the  fur-seals, 
which  come  up  from  the  sea  in  great  numbers 
TO  bask  in  the  sun,  on  the  different  islands. 


Alaska. 


FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  are  Greenland  and  Iceland  called? 
Greenland    and    Iceland   are    called    Danish 

America,  because  they  belong  to  Denmark, 
a  country  in  Europe. 

2.  How  do  the  Green  landers  make  their  living? 
They  make  their  living  by  hunting  and  by 

fishing  :  the  whale,  walrus,  seal,  cod,  and 
other  fish  abound  in  the  seas. 

3.  Who  are  the  native  inhabitants  of  Greenland? 
The  native  inhabitants  of  Greenland  are  Es- 
kimos. 

4.  For  what  is  Iceland  noted? 

It  is  noted  for  its  glaciers,  geysers,  and  vol- 
canoes. 

5.  What  can  you  say  of  the  Icelanders  ? 

The  Icelanders  are  a  thrifty,  well-educated 
people ;  their  principal  occupations  are 
tending  their  domestic  animals,  and  fol- 
lowing the  fisheries. 

6.  To  what  country  does  A  laska  belong  ? 
Alaska  belongs  to  the  United  States. 

7.  For  what  is  Alaska  chiefly  valuable? 

Alaska  is  chiefly  valuable  for  its  fur-seal  fish- 
eries. 


Reading-Lesson    XXIX. 


DOMINION   OF  CANADA.-NORTHERN    REGION. 


carl-bou 
er'mine  [-wiin] 


floes 
Man-i-to-ba' 


Canada. 


The  great  region  to  the  north  of  the  United 
States  belongs  to  the  British,  and 
hence  is  often  called  British  America. 
But  the  right  name  of  it  is  the  Dominion  of 
Canada. 

Canada  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  United  States. 
Most  of  it  consists  of  vast  thinly  in-  usdi- 
habited  territories  to  which  different  visions, 
names  are  given.      Then  we  have  the  divisions 


66 


Dominion    of    Canada.  —  Northern    Region 


called  British  Columbia  and  Manitoba.  Lastly 
there  are  the  five  well-peopled  and  prosperous 
provinces  in  the  region  of  the  "  Great  Lakes  " 
and  in  the  valley  of  the  River  St.  Lawrence. 

The  arctic  region  of  Canada  is  a  cold,  deso- 
Arctic  ex-  late  country.  The  only  people  living 
piorations.  t^erc  are  a  few  tribes  of  Eskimos.  It 
is  quite  sure  that  we  should  care  very  little 
ibout  this  barren  land,  if  it  were  not  for 
many  expeditions  made  to  the  Arctic  Ocean 
by  brave  mariners.  Perhaps  you  may  ask, 
What  do  people  expect  to  gain  by  making  such 
long,  dangerous  journeys  into  the  realms  of 
the  frost-king  ? 

You  must  know,  then,  that  very  soon  after 
North-west  Amcrica  was  discovered  navigators 
Passage.  began  to  ask  whether  they  could  not 
sail  around  it  by  its  northern  shore.  If  they 
could  do  this,  it  would  save  several  thousand 
miles  in  the  voyage  from  Europe  to  Eastern 
Asia.  So  the  great  thing  was  to  make  the 
"North-west  Passage." 

First  one  bold  sailor,  and  then  another,  went 
Those  who  out  to  try  it.  They  found  a  great  many 
sought  it.  i^ays  and  straits,  such  as  Hudson  Bay, 
and  Baffin  Bay,  and  Davis  Strait ;  and  these 
names  may  remind  you  of  the  brave  navigators 
who  went  to  seek  for  the  "  North-west  Pas- 
sage." But  these  brave  men  always  met  with 
an  enemy  that  in  the  end  made  them  turn 
back.  This  was  the  frost-king.  For  you  know 
that  they  were  in  the  icy  zone,  where  the  sea 
is  frozen  over  during  most  of  the  year. 

Even  when  the  ice  melts  a  little,  there  are 
The  icy  Still  many  dangers.  There  are  great 
®^^-  floating  fields  of  ice  called  Jioes.     In 

these  the  ship  is  likely  to  be  "nipped,"  and  kept 
there  till  the  next  short  summer  comes,  and 
thaws  it  out.  And  sometimes  the  ships  never 
get  out  at  all.  This  was  the  case  with  the 
ships  of  the  brave  Captain  Franklin,  who  was 
lost  on  his  famous  voyage  to  the  Arctic  region. 
He  and  all  his  party  —  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
nine  souls  —  perished  in  the  ice  and  snow. 


Beside  trying  to  find  the  North-west  Passage, 
there  is  another  thing  that  has  led  search  for 
many  brave  navigators  to  the  far-off  ^^^  ^°'^- 
frozen  lands  of  North  America.  This  is  the 
wish  to  reach  the  North  Pole.  The  most  inter- 
esting expeditions  toward  the  North  Pole  have 
been  made  by  the  American  explorers,  Dr. 
Kane,  Dr.  Hayes,  and  Captain  Hall.  Each  of 
them  sailed  far  up  the  waters  between  the  main- 
land and  Greenland.  When  the  ships  could  go 
no  farther  on  account  of  the  ice,  small  parties 
of  men  took  sledges  drawn  by  Eskimo  dogs, 
and  pushed  their  way  to  within  about  five  hun- 
dred miles  of  the  North  Pole.  Beyond  this  lies 
—  no  one  can  tell  what.  Still  it  is  not  to  be 
doubted  that  we  shall  some  time  learn  all  about 
the  Polar  secret. 

The   country   around    Hudson    Bay  and   far 
northward  is  covered  with  vast  forests,   Hudson 
v/hich   are  the   home  of   the   caribou,    Bay 
sable,    ermine,    marten,    beaver,    and 
many  other  valuable  fur-bearing  animals. 

A  company  called  the   "  Hudson  Bay   Com- 


V' 


country. 


Fur-bearing  Animals  of  Canada. 


pany"  employs  hundreds  of  hunters,  —  Indians, 
Canadians,  and  half-breeds, — to  trap  The 
or  shoot  these  animals,  and  bring  in   fappe". 
the  skins  to  the  trading-stations,  called  "forts." 


Canada.  —  The    St.     L  a  w  k  i:  n  c  e    Provinces 


^7 


^ere  the  agents  of  the  company  stay  all  the 
ime ;  and  when  the  hunting  season  is  over,  and 
he  trappers  come  in  with  their  furs,  they  take 


The  Trappers'  Return. 


he  furs,  and  give  the  hunters  in  exchange  the 
hings  which  they  want,  as  cloth,  powder,  knives, 
ind  tobacco. 

?OR  RECITATION. 

..    \  I'll  ere  is  the  Doi/n'iiion  of  Canada  ? 
The   Dominion    of    Canada  is   north    of    the 
United  States. 

Z.  How  large  is  Canada? 
It  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  United  States. 

3.    What  of  the  arctic  region  of  Canada  ? 
It  is  a  cold,  barren  region,  and  the  only  people 
livina:  there  are  a  few  tribes  of  Eskimos. 

I.    IVhat  two  wishes  have  led  many  bold  navigators  to 
sail  into  the  Arctic  region  ? 

The  wish  to  sail  around  the  northern  part  of 
America,  and  to  reach  the  North  Pole. 

3 .     Auime  four  of  these  explorers. 
Franklin,  Kane,  Hayes,  and  Hall. 

3.    What  does  the  '•  hjidson  Bay  Cojnpany  "  do  ? 
It  employs  great  numbers  of  trappers  to  kill 
or  catch  animals  that  have  valuable  fur. 

7.  Name  some  of  these  animals. 
The  sable,  marten,  beaver,  and  ermine. 


Reading-Lesson    XXX. 


CANADA.-THE   ST.    LAWRENCE  PROVINCES. 


Mont-re-al'  (nwr) 
New'found-land 


On-ta'ri-o 

Ot'ta-wa 


We  have  been  reading  about  the  poorest  part 
of  Canada  :  now  we  shall  learn  about  Eastern 
the  best  part.  On  the  map  (page  68)  provinces. 
we  see  the  names  Ontario,  Quebec,  New  Bruns- 
wick, Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island. 
These  are  the  five  finest  parts  of  Canada,  and 
each  is  called  a  "province."  This  word  means 
very  much  the  same  as  "state"  means  with  us. 

The  people  of  one  province  differ  from  those 
of  another,  just  as  the  people  of  one 
state  differ  from  the  people  of  another 
state.  And  it  would  not  be  strange  if  they 
should  differ  in  their  manners  and  customs ; 
because  some  of  those  provinces  were  settled 
mostly  by  French  people,  and  others  mostly  by 
British  people,  —  by  English,  Scotch,  and  Irish. 


People. 


Montreal 


The  province  of  Ontario  was  settled  princi- 
pally by  British  people.    They  are  very       ^  ^. 
intelligent,  and  are  much  like  the  peo- 
ple of  that  part  of  the  United  States  that  is  on 


68 


Canada. — The    St.    Lawrence    Provinces. 


90 


85 


80 


75  Longitude  70   "West  from   65    Greenwich    60 


55 


CANADA 

WITH 

■^ik°''  NEWFOUNLAND. 

HaU-ruads 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


-lOU    50      0 


100  200  JOO 

_^ ^ 


2        Longitude 


East  from 


12     "VVasIiinston 


Quebec. 


their  border.  They  are  engaged  in  farming, 
manufacturing,  and  trading.  Toronto  is  the 
largest  city  in  this  province. 

In  the  province  of  Quebec  the  winters  are 
long  and  cold.  Then  a  great  blanket 
of  snow  six  feet  deep  covers  the  fields 
and  roads.  The  busy  river-trade  comes  to  an 
end.  You  think  it  must  be  dreary  }  Not  at 
all ;  for  the  people  then  enjoy  themselves  very 
much.  What  coasting  and  sleighing !  And 
what  fun  and  laughter  as,  wrapped  in  warm 
buffalo-robes,  they  skim  over  the  smooth,  hard 
snow,  to  the  merry  tinkle  of  the  bells  ! 

Many  of  the  people  of  this  province  are  French 
The  in  their  language,  manners,  and  cus- 

peopie.  toms.  The  country-people  speak  a 
kind  of  old-fashioned  French  ;  and  you  would 
be  much  interested  to  see  the  men  in  their  blue 
bonnets  like  nightcaps,  and  the  women  in  their 
white  Norman  caps,  and  both  men  and  women 
wearing  wooden  shoes.  But  you  must  not  sup- 
pose that  all  the  people  of  this  province  are 
of  French  descent ;  for,  though  these  are  the 


largest  part,  there  are  many  thousands  of  Eng- 
lish, Scotch,  and  Irish  Canadians. 

There  are  two  large  cities  in  this  province,  — 
Montreal,  which  is  the  largest   city  in 

.  .       .  Cities. 

Canada ;  and   Quebec,  which  is  inter- 
esting to  us  because  it  is  an  old,  walled  city. 

Looking  towards  the  provinces  on  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  we  find,  first.  New  cuif 
Brunswick.  Here  the  people  are  much  provinces, 
engaged  in  lumbering,  and  in  fishing  for  cod, 
mackerel,  and  salmon.  Next,  Nova  Scotia,  where 
the  people  are  busy  in  fishing,  farming,  and 
coal-mining.  In  Halifax,  the  chief  city  of  Nova 
Scotia,  English  men-of-war  may  be  seen  almost 
any  time.  Thirdly,  Prince  Edward  Island  ;  and 
here,  too,  the  great  business  is  fishing. 

Canada  is  not  an  independent  country,  but 
is  under  the  government  of  England,  covem- 
Still,  the  Canadians  are  quite  free,  and  '"^"*- 
they  make  their  own  laws.  They  have  a  gov- 
ernor-general, who  is  sent  out  by  the  Queen 
of  England.  The  capital  of  the  Dominion  oi 
Canada  is  Ottawa,  in  the  province  of  Ontario. 


Mexico    and    Central    America. 


69 


Description. 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 

The  large  island  of  Newfoundland,  though  it 
belongs  to  the  English,  is  not  a  part  of 
Canada.  It  is  a  British  province  by 
itself.  Newfoundland  is  an  almost  barren  land. 
The  coast  is  hidden  nearly  always  in  thick  fogs. 
Yet  Newfoundland  has  great  wealth  in  its 
fisheries.  The  "Banks  of  Newfound- 
land "  are  the  feeding-place  of  great 
shoals  of  codfish.  Any  summer  you  may  see 
hundreds  of  American  and  French  and  English 
fishing-smacks  engaged  in  taking  these  fish. 
'On  the  shore  the  fish  are  cured;  that  is,  are 
I  cleaned,  salted,  and  dried.  They  are  then 
packed  in  bundles,  and  put  in  warehouses,  to 
be  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  world. 


Fisheries. 


Places. 


Cod-fishing  on  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland.  ^ 

St.  Johns  is  the  place  which  we  hear  most 
about  in  Newfoundland.  At  Cape 
Race  is  the  American  end  of  a  tele- 
graphic cable  which  extends  under  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  all  the  way  to  Ireland. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  are  the  finest  provinces  of  Canada  f 

The  provinces  of  Ontario,  Quebec,  New 
Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island. 

2.  IVhat  of  tJie  people  of  these  provinces  ? 

They  differ  in  their  business,  and  in  their 
manners  and  customs. 


3.  What  are  the  chief  occupations  in  the  provinces  of 

Ontario  and  Quebec  ? 

The  chief  occupations  are  agriculture,  manu- 
facturing, and  trading. 

4.  What  is  the  greatest  business  carried  on  in  the  prov- 

inces near  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 

The  greatest  business  in  these  provinces  is 
fishing  for  cod,  mackerel,  and  salmon. 

5.  What  other  occupations  in  these  provinces  ? 
Lumbering   in    New    Brunswick,    and    coal- 
mining in  Nova  Scotia. 

6.  What  as  to  the  government  of  Canada  ? 

Canada  is  under  the  government  of  England. 
The  Queen  sends  out  a  governor-general  ; 
but  the  Canadians  enjoy  much  freedom. 

7 .  What  are  the  principal  cities  of  Canada  f 

Ottawa,  in  Ontario,  is  the  capital  of  the 
whole  "  Dominion  ;  "  Montreal,  in  Quebec 
province,  is  the  largest  city  ;  Quebec,  in 
the  province  of  the  same  name,  is  an 
interesting  old  city,  first  built  by  the 
French  ;  Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia,  is  the 
great  port  for  English  war-ships  in  Canada. 

What  is  Newfoundland? 

It  is  a  large  island,  where  the  people  are 
much  engaged  in  fishing  for  cod.  It  is  not 
a  part  of  Canada,  but  is  a  separate  British 
colony. 


8 


♦  ■» 


Reading-Lesson    XXXI. 


MEXICO  AND  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


coch'i-neal 

frijOle   {fiT'-ho'ly) 


pulque  {pool'ky) 
tor-til'la   {-(el'ya) 


Leaving  the  frosts  and  snows  of  Canada,  we 
now  visit   a  land  where   it   is  always 

Mexico. 

summer,  —  a  land  inhabited  by  a  peo- 
ple very  unlike  ourselves  in  language,  manners, 
and  way  of  living.     This  country  is  Mexico. 

At  the  time  when  America  was  discovered 
by  Columbus,  Mexico  was  peopled  by  a  semi- 


Collecting  Cochineal  Insects. 


The  lable-laud  of  Mexico. 


Grand  Square,  City  oi  Mexico. 


Aztecs. 


Cortez. 


civilized  race  called  Aztecs.  They  cultivated 
the  soil  skillfully.  They  made  cotton 
cloth  and  earthenware,  and  vessels  of 
gold  and  silver.  They  had  large  cities,  in 
which  were  splendid  temples  and  palaces. 
Soon  afterwards  a  bold  but  cruel  captain 
named  Cortez,  with  a  band  of  Span- 
iards, sailed  from  the  West  Indies  to 
seize  Mexico.  They  had  cannon  and  guns, 
horses  and  coats-of-mail ;  so  the  natives,  with 
their  bows  and  arrows,  were  no  match  for  them. 
After  much  fighting  the  Spaniards  reached  the 
capital  city  of  Mexico,  and  in  a  few  years  they 
became  masters  of  the  whole  country. 

Mexico  after  this  belonged  to  the  King  of 
Spain.  Soon  large  numbers  of  Span- 
iards went  to  Mexico  ;  for  the  land 
was  rich  in  gold  and  silver.  Many  married 
with  the  natives ;  and  their  children  have  kept 
the  Spanish  language,  dress,  manners,  and 
customs,  to  this  day. 

Most  of  Mexico  is  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  In 
Plain  and  the  low  lauds  along  the  coast  the 
plateau.  plants  are  tropical.  Here  are  forests 
of  palms  and  mahogany-trees  ;  and  on  the  plan- 
tations the  people  cultivate  the  coffee-plant  and 
the  cacao-tree,  the  banana,  indigo,  sugar-cane, 


History. 


and  cotton.  As  we  leave  the  coast  the  country 
becomes  rugged,  and  at  last  we  reach  a  broad 
table-land.  This  is  the  great  plateau  of  Mexico, 
and  is  from  a  mile  to  a  mile  and  a  half  above 
the  low  plain  on  the  coast. 

When  we  have  reached  the  table-land  we 
find  that  the  climate  is  very  different  cumate  of 
from  that  of  the  low  coast  plains,  t^^e  plateau. 
We  left  the  T-^rrid  Zone  a  little  while  ago,  and 
now  we  are  m  a  temperate  region.  And,  if 
you  remember  that  heat  always  grows  less  and 
less  as  we  rise  above  the  sea,  it  will  be  easy  to 
understand  why  this  is  so.  The  climate  on 
the  plateau  is  delightful.  In  fact,,  there  are  in 
Mexico  only  two  seasons, — the  rainy  season, 
which  commences  in  June  and  lasts  till  No- 
vember ;  and  the  dry  season,  which  continues 
during  the  other  months. 

The  plants  and  flowers  of  Mexico  are  very 
numerous    and    very  beautiful.      The 

■'  Plants. 

well-known  dahlia  and  several  of  the 
fuchsias  were  first  found  in  this  country.  One 
of  the  most  interesting  plants  of  the  cactus 
kind  is  the  cochineal  cactus,  which  is  much  cul- 
tivated for  the  sake  of  the  cochineal  insect 
which  feeds  upon  its  leaves.  These  insects  are 
brushed  from  the  plants  into  bags,  plunged  into 


Mexico    and    Central    America 


71 


I 


boiling  water,  and  then  dried  in  the  sun.  Their 
tiny  bodies,  when  ground  to  powder,  yield  a 
brilliant  crimson  dye  called  cochineal. 

Another  useful  plant  is  the  agave,  or  Ameri- 
can aloe,  which  is  very  common  in  Mexico. 
Its  leaves,  which  are  from  six  to  eight  feet 
Agave,  and  long,  supply  the  nativcs  with  covering 
cacao-tree.  £qj.  |-}^g  walls  aud  roofs  of  their  dwell- 
ings ;  its  fibers  furnish  a  strong  thread  or  twine 
which  is  made  into  ropes,  lassoes,  and  nets  ;  its 
roots  are  eaten  as  food  ;  and  from  its  juice  a 
liquor  is  made,  called /;//^?/t',  of  which  the  Mexi- 
cans are  very  fond.  Still  more  useful  is  the 
cacao-tree  ;  because  from  it  cocoa  and  chocolate 
are  obtained. 

Indian  corn  and  beans  are  raised  in  all  parts  of 
Food  of  Mexico,  and  form  the  principal  food  of 
the  people.  ^Y\Q  people.  lustcad  of  bread  they  have 
corn-cakes,  which  they  call  tortillas.  These  are 
made  of  coarsely-pounded  corn  steeped  in  boil- 
ing water,  rolled  into  thin  sheets,  and  baked 
before  an  open  fire.  A  national  dish  consists 
of  beans,  called  "frijoles,"  highly  spiced  with 
Chili-pepper  pods. 

Let  us  now  learn  what  are  the  principal  occu- 
pations of  the  Mexicans.  Many  people  are  en- 
gaged in  stock-raising ;  and  we  find  that  hides 
occupa-  are  largely  exported.  Many  others  are 
tions.  engaged  in  farming  ;    but  agriculture 

IS  carried  on  in  a  very  rude  manner.  There 
are  but  few  manufactures  ;  and  the  rich  mines 
of  gold  and  silver  are  not  much  worked. 

The  principal  exports  of  Mexico  are  silver, 
copper,  cochineal,  hides,  and  some  me- 
dicinal herbs.  Trade  has  been  much 
hindered  by  the  lack  of  good  roads.  It  is  only 
lately  that  railroads  have  been  built. 

The  Mexican  government  is  a  republic  like 
our  own  ;  but  it  can  not  be  said  that 
the  people  in  general  are  highly  civil- 
ized. The  Mexicans  love  to  dance  to  the  music 
of  the  guitar.  Everybody  smokes,  and  even 
the  ladies  puff  their  cigarettes.  The  common 
head-dress    of   a  woman   is   a  scarf  or  mantle. 


Exports. 


Govern 
ment. 


instead  of  a  bonnet.  The  gentlemen  wear  a 
velvet  jacket  richly  embroidered  with  gold  and 
silver,  and  pantaloons  open  from  the  knee  down, 
and  set  with  large  buttons.  With  their  broad- 
brimmed  hats,  scarlet  sashes,  and  jingling  spurs, 
and  mounted  on  their  spirited  little  horses,  they 
look  like  very  dashing  fellows  indeed. 

The  beautiful  city  of  Mexico  is  the  capital. 

Central  America  contains  five  republics, — 
Guatemala,  San  Salvador,  Honduras,  central 
Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica.  The  peo-  America, 
pie  are  like  the  Mexicans  in  race,  language,  and 
customs.  The  country  resembles  Mexico  very 
much,  and  its  products  are  similar.  It  is  a 
country  of  volcanoes  with  ever-smoking  craters. 


Getting  out  Mahogany. 

Often  there  come  terrible  earthquakes  which 
bring  ruin  to  whole  cities.  The  principal  things 
which  Central  America  exports  are  coffee, 
cochineal,  indigo,  and  mahogany.  Balize  is  a 
British  seaport. 


FOR  RECITATION. 

1.  /n  which  zone  is  Mexico? 

Most  of  it  is  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

2.  Ho%v  is  it  divided? 

It  is  divided  into  the  low  hot  coast,  and  the 
temperate  table-land. 

3.  What  are  the  principal  exports  of  Mexico? 

The  principal  exports  are  silver,  copper,  cochi- 
neal, hides,  and  plants  for  medicine. 

4.  How  matiy  republics  in  Central  America  ? 
There  are  five  republics. 

5.  What  of  the  country  ? 

It  is  much  like  Mexico,  and  the  exports  are 
the  same. 


♦  ♦ 


Reading-Lesson    XXXII. 


THE  WEST   INDIES. 


Cu'ba 

Por'tO  Ri'CO  {ree'ko) 


Hay'ti 
Ja-mai'ca 


Largest 

islands. 


We  leave  the  mainland  of  America,  and  we 
Sunny  Sail  amoug  those  tropical  islands  called 
isles.  ^j^g    West    Indies.      They  are    sunny 

isles,  where  the  splendid  palm  waves,  and  where 
groves  of  orange-trees,  bananas,  and  pine-apples 
abound. 

The  largest  of  the  West-India  islands  are 
Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  which  belong  to 
Spain  ;  Jamaica,  which  belongs  to  Eng- 
land ;  and  Hayti,  which  is  divided  between  two 
republics  of  colored  people. 

As  the  West  Indies  are  in  the  Torrid  Zone, 
you  may  think  that  the  climate  there 
is  always  very,  very  hot.  But  this  is 
not  so ;  for  these  islands  are  set  in  the  midst  of 
the  ocean,  and  the  people  get  refreshing  sea- 
breezes.  There  is  no  winter  in  the  West  Indies. 
The  people  there  never  see  snow  fall,  and  they 
have  no  ice  except  what  is  brought  there  in 
ships.     Instead  of  our  four  seasons  they  have 


Climate. 


two  seasons,  —  the  rainy  and  the  dry.  The 
rainy  season  is  our  summer  and  autumn  months ; 
during  the  other  months  scarcely  any  rain  falls. 
As  these  islands  have  a  very  long  summer 
and  a  very  long  rainy  season,  you  may  puntsand 
guess  what  kind  of  vegetation  grows  ^'■"i^s. 
there.  We  find  palms  and  tree-ferns,  the  sugar- 
cane and  tobacco-plant,  oranges,  bananas,  and 
other  plants  that  ripen  only  in  hot  countries. 


Scene  in  the  West  Indies. 


V-.\s^.'..^«.l^  J„ 


Let  us  now  see  what  the  productions  of  the 
West  Indies  are.     These  are  very  valu-  ..test- 
able and  important,  and  we  use  some  india 
of  them  every  day.     Perhaps  you  may  ^°° 
have  seen  on  grocery-stores  the  sign  "  West- 
India  goods."     This  is  a  general  name  for  cer- 
tain kinds  of  groceries,  such  as  sugar,  molasses, 
tobacco,    ginger,    allspice,    indigo,    fruits,    etc. 
Now,  all  these  are  grown  or  made  in  the  West 
Indies. 

The  West  Indies  are  the  great  sugar-cane 
region  of  the  world  ;  and  it  is  said  that  one-half 
of  all  the  sugar  used  comes  from  Cuba  alone. 
In  the  picture  at  the  top  of  the  next 
page  you  see  a  sugar-plantation,  and 
the  men — negroes  and  Chinese  —  cutting  the 
canes,  bundling  them  up,  and  hauling  them  off 
to  the  mill  to  be  crushed.  From  the  sugar-cane 
molasses  and  rum  are  also  made. 

If  you  were  to  visit   Havana,  which   is   the 


Sugar. 


The    West    Indies. 


73 


Visit  to 
Cuba. 


Spices. 


Sugar  Plantation. 

capital  of  Cuba,  and  the  largest  city  in  the  West 
Indies,  you  would  see  the  wharves 
piled  high  with  sugar  and  molasses 
ready  to  be  shipped  to  the  United  States  and 
other  parts  of  the  world.  You  would  also  no- 
tice very  large  cigar-factories. 

We  shall  not  forget  that  we  receive  tropical 
Tropical  fruits  from  the  West  Indies,  when  we 
(ruits.  think  of   oranges  and  bananas.     The 

banana  is  a  great  article  of  cultivation,  not  only 
in  these  islands,  but  in  all  parts  of  the  hot  belt 
of  America,  where  it  is  one  of  the  most  used 
foods.  The  people  find  it  very  profitable  to 
grow,  because  it  yields  so  plentifully. 

The  fragrant  pimento-tree  grows  in  Jamaica. 
The  unripe  berries  of  this  plant,  dried 
in  the  sun,  form  what  we  call  allspice, 
or  Jamaica  pepper.  Another  condiment  which 
we  owe  to  this  island  is  Jamaica  ginger. 

What  people  live  in  the  West  Indies  .''  You 
know  that  when  Columbus  first  vis- 
ited these  islands  they  were  inhabited 
by  a  peaceful,  gentle-hearted  race  of  bronze- 
colored,  half-naked  people,  whom  he  called  In- 
dians. But  the  Spaniards  came  and  settled  on 
the  islands.  They  were  cruel  task-masters. 
They  made  slaves  of  the  natives,  and  forced 
them  to  work  so  hard  in  the  mines  and  on  the 
plantations,  that  in  a  few  generations  they  all 
died  off.  Then  the  Spaniards  brought  ship-loads 
of  negroes  from  Africa,  and  made  slaves  of  them. 
And  to  the  present  day  the  blacks  form  three- 
fourths  of  the  population  of  the  West  Indies. 
At  first  all  the  islands  of   the  West    Indies 


The  races. 


belonged  to  Spain ;  but  after  a  time  some 
stronger  nations  took  certain  of  the  covem- 
islands,  and  made  them  colonies  of  i"ents. 
their  own.  Thus  England  took  .the  large  island 
of  Jamaica,  and  a  great  many  of  the  smaller 
islands.  So  France,  too,  got  a  share.  And  on 
one  of  the  islands,  named  Hayti,  the  colored 
people  grew  tired  of  being  under  foreign  mas- 
ters, and  set  up  a  government  of  their  own. 

Now  we  understand  who  are  the  races  of  the 
West  Indies.  Of  the  whites,  the  most  Present 
part  are  people  of  Spanish  descent,  population, 
though  there  are  English  settlers  in  the  islands 
held  by  Great  Britain,  and  French  settlers  in 
the  islands  held  by  France.  There  are  also  in 
the  various  islands  many  mulattos,  and  other 
persons  of  mixed  blood.  And  in  Cuba  there 
are  many  Chinese  laborers,  called  coolies. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  Which  are  the  largest  islands  of  the  West  Indies? 
The  largest  islands  are  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Ja- 
maica, and  Hayti. 

2.  To  whom  do  these  islands  belong? 

Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  belong  to  Spain  ;  Ja- 
maica belongs  to  England ;  and  Hayti  has 
two  republics  of  colored  people. 

3.  What  are  the  chief  exports  of  the  West  Indies? 
The  chief  exports  are  sugar,  molasses,  rum, 

tobacco  and  cigars,  fruits  and  spices. 

4.  What  is  the  largest  city  ? 

The  largest  city  is  Havana,  in  Cuba. 


Tobacco  Plantation. 


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SOUTH 
AMERICA 

SCALE  OF  STATUTE  MILES 


Longitude 


13 


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Wasliiu^tun 


47 


Nature    of    the    Country 


/5 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP. 


Divisions.  —  What  country  is  connected  with 
North  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama?  What 
country  east  of  Colombia?  East  of  Venezuela?  What 
large  country  occupies  the  eastern  portion  of  South 
America?  What  two  small  countries  south  of  Brazil? 
What  country  north  of  Patagonia  ?  West  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic?  North  of  the  Argentine  Republic  and 
Chili?  North-west  of  Bolivia?  What  country  north 
of  Peru? 

Islands.  —  What  island  is  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Orinoco  ?  What  island  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  ? 
What  islands  east  of  Patagonia?  What  large  island 
south  of  Patagonia?  What  islands  near  the  coast  of 
Peru  ?     What  islands  west  of  Ecuador  ? 

Capes.  — What  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  South 
America?  The  most  eastern  cape?  What  cape  near 
Rio  Janeiro?  Near  the  mouth  of  the  Plata  River? 
Which  is  the  most  westerly  cape  ?  What  cape  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  South  America? 

Coast  Waters.  —  What  gulf  north  of  Colombia? 
What  strait  between  Tierra  del  Fuego  and  Patagonia  ? 
What  gulf  west  of  Ecuador?  What  bay  south  of  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama? 

Mountains.  —  What  mountains  extend  along  the 
western  coast  of  South  America?  What  lofty  peak 
near  the  Equator  ?  What  lofty  peak  in  Bolivia  ?  What 
lofty  peak  in  Chili  ?  What  mountains  between  Vene- 
zuela and  Brazil  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  river  flows  northward  through 
Colombia?  What  river  flows  north-eastward  through 
Venezuela?  Near  what  line  is  the  mouth  of  the 
Amazon?  Name  the  five  principal  branches  of  the 
Amazon.    What  are  the  principal  branches  of  the  Plata? 

Capitals.  —  What  is  the.  capital  of  Colombia? 
Of  Venezuela?  V/hat  are  the  capitals  of  Guiana? 
Of  Brazil?  Of  Paraguay?  Of  Uruguay?  Of  the 
Argentine  Republic?  Of  Chili?  Of  Bolivia?  Of 
Peru?     Of  Ecuador? 


In  the  Andes. 


Reading-Lesson    XXXIII. 


NATURE    OF    THE    COUNTRY. 


An'des 

Chim-bo-ra'zo 
Co-to-pax'i  (e) 


Gui-a'na  {ge-) 
Ua'nos  i-noce) 
O-ri-no'co 


The  Andes. 


South  America  is  a  land  of  mighty  moun- 
tains, vast  plains,  and  great  rivers. 
The  g.'"eatest  mountains  are  the  Andes. 
Very  grand  is  the  scenery  of  these  mountains, 
with  their  steep  sharp  cliffs,  their  dangerous 
passes,  and  their  dreadful  gorges  and  chasms. 
Some  of  their  loftiest  summits  rise  more  than 
four  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

There  are  many  volcanoes  in  the  Andes,  —  no 
fewer,  it  is  said,  than  fifty-two.      At   ,^  , 

■'  _         Volcanoes. 

times  they  are   in  eruption  ;    that  is, 

they  are  throwing  forth  smoke  and  ashes  and 

lava.    Two  of  the  greatest  volcanoes  are  named 


Cotopaxi  and  Chimborazo.  The  former  is  the 
most  beautiful  of  all  volcanoes.  The  flames 
sometimes  rise  three  thousand  feet  above  its 
crater. 

The  whole  region  of  the  Andes  suffers  from 
Earth-  terrific  earthquakes,  which  have  from 
quakes.  time  to  time  shaken  down  its  cities, 
caused  huge  sea-waves  to  flow  over  the  land, 
and  destroyed  thousands  of  people. 


Physical  Map  of  South  America. 

The  Andes  region  consists  of  several  great 
The  plateaus,  from  which  rise  lofty  moun- 

piateaus.  taius.  On  the  high  table-lands  are 
great  fertile  tracts  at  a  height  of  many  thou- 
sands of  feet  above  the  ocean.  Here  most  of 
the  people  of  the  Andes  countries  live.  Here, 
too,  are  most  of  the  large  cities. 

Now,  looking  at  the  map  above  we  see  that 


the  country  to  the  eastward  of  the  Andes  is  a 
vast  plain  sloping  toward  the  Atlantic  The  eastern 
Ocean.  In  all  this  region  there  are  mountains, 
but  two  highlands,  —  the  Guiana  Highland  and 
the  Brazilian  Highland.  These  mountains  are 
mere  dwarfs  compared  with  the  Andes.  J 

In  the  northern   part  of   the  great   eastern 
plain  we  see  the  llanos,  through  which  ^^^^^ 
flows  the  Orinoco  River.     In  the  cen-  kinds  of 

,       I  ,  ,,  plains. 

tral  part  we  see  the 
selvas,  through  which  flows  the 
Amazon.  In  the  southern  part 
we  see  the  pampas,  through 
which  flows  the  Plata  River, 
or  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

The  llanos  (a  Spanish  word 
meaning  /eve/  fie/ds) 

°  .  The  llanos. 

are  great  treeless 
plains.  As  soon  as  the  rainy 
season  sets  in,  the  llanos  are 
quickly  covered  with  grass. 
They  are  then  the  feeding- 
places  of  vast  herds  of  cattle, 
horses,  and  sheep.  In  the  dry 
season  the  plains  are  cracked 
by  the  great  heat.  At  this 
time  the  cattle  have  to  be 
driven  elsewhere  for  pasturage. 
Sometimes  during  the  rainy 
season  the  llanos  are  quite 
covered  with  water.  The  cat- 
tle then  flee  to  higher  land. 
The  Indians  climb  the  palm- 
trees,  and  live  there  till  the 
water  falls. 

The  selvas  (a  Spanish  word 
meaning     woods)     are     great    plains 

f'  '  o  i  The  selvas. 

covered  with  a  thick  growth  of  trees, 
—  gigantic  palms  and  mahogany  trees  and 
great  ferns.  These  are  woven  together  with 
climbing  vines  and  tangled  underbrush :  so 
that  the  forest  forms  a  dense  thicket.  Only 
wild  beasts  can  force  their  way  through  it  ;j 
and  a  path  must  be  cleared  with  an  ax  before 


J 


Climate,    Vegetation,    and    Animals 


n 


a  person  can  go  even  a  short  distance  into 
the  interior.  In  the  rainy  season  the  selvas 
are  changed  into  a  vast  swamp. 

The  pampas  (a  Spanish  word  meaning  plains) 
The  are  treeless  plains  covered  with  pam- 

pampas.  p^g  grass.  This  grass  grows  from  ten 
to  fifteen  feet  high,  and  its  waving  seed-plumes 
are  very  handsome.  Over  the  pampas  range 
countless  herds  of  wild  horses  and  cattle. 

We  have  already  learned  the  names  of  the 
three  largest  rivers  of  South  America, 
—  the  Amazon,  Orinoco,  and  Plata. 
The  Amazon  is  one  of  the  longest  rivers  on 
the  globe.  It  pours  more  water  into  the  ocean 
than  any  other  river  in  the  world.  Steamers 
can  sail  up  it  for  three  thousand  miles,  or 
nearly  to  the  Andes  ;  and  it  is  a  hundred  and 
fifty  miles  wide  at  its  mouth. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Rivers. 


1.  What  kind  of  land  is  South  America  f 

It  is  a  land  of  mighty  mountains  and  vast 
plains  and  great  rivers. 

2.  Describe  the  Andes. 

The  Andes  in  the  western  part  extend 
through  the  whole  length  of  South 
America. 

3.  For  what  is  the  A  tides  region  noted? 

It  is  noted  for  its  volcanoes  and  earthquakes. 

4.  What  two  highland  regions  are  in  the  northern  and 

eastern  parts  ? 

The  Guiana  Highland  and  the  Brazilian 
Highland. 

5.  What    three   great  plains    are  east  of  the  Andes 

Mountains  ? 

The  llanos  in  the  nortn,  the  selvas  in  the 
center,  and  \.\\q  pampas  in  the  south. 

6.  What  arc  the  three  great  rivers  of  South  America? 

The  three  great  rivers  are  the  Amazon,  the 
Orinoco,  and  the  Plata. 


How  India-rubber  is  procured. 


Reading-Lesson    XXXIV. 


CLIMATE,    VEGETATION,    AND    ANIMALS. 


ar-ma-dil'lo 

jag-u-ar' 

ca-ca'o 

lla'ma 

caout'chouc  {koo') 

qui'nine 

Climate. 


The  greater  part  of  South  America  is  in  the 
Torrid  Zone  :  hence  we  may  expect  to 
find  the  climate  of  the  countries  in 
this  zone  very  hot  indeed.  But  this  is  not  true 
for  every  part.  You  have  read  that  the  climate 
of  countries  even  in  the  hot  belt  depends  very 
much  on  their  height  above  the  sea. 

Now,  in  the  great  eastern  plains,  and  specially 
in  the  valley  of  the  Amazon,  the  heat   in  the 
in  summer  is  very  great.    In  fact,  there  p'^'"^- 
is    no  winter  at    all    there ;   the  season   corre- 
sponding to  our  winter  is  the  "wet  season." 

But  it  is  quite  different  in  the  countries  of 
the  Andes.  There  the  part  of  eacn  onthe 
that  is  in  the  low  plain  is  very  hot.  tabie-iands. 
But  the  table-lands  have  a  spring-like  climate, 
and  the  lofty  summits  are  ever  clothed  in 
snow. 


78 


Climate,    Vegetation,    and    Animals, 


v-^rV'^ 


*^ji;^ 


The  palms. 


The  southern   part  of    South    America   is    in    the   South 
Temperate  Zone.     Here  the   climate  is  much  like  in  the 
that  of  the  United  States.     But  the  cold  increases   south. 
sontJnvard,  instead  of  northward  as  with  us. 

The  vegetation  is  very  rich.  More  than  one  hundred  kinds 
of  palms  are  found  in  the  forests  of  the  Amazon 
and  the  other  tropical  regions.  These  supply  the 
Indian  with  nearly  all  he  wants.  Their  fruit  furnishes  him' 
with  food  in  abundance.  He  builds  his  hut  and  floors  it  with 
their  wood,  and  he  thatches  it  with  their  leaves.  From  the 
trunks  of  some  he  forms  his  canoes  ;  from  others  he  gets  oil, 
wax,  cord,  thread,  mats,  baskets,  arrows,  and  a  drink  that 
serves  him  for  wine. 

The  caoutchouc-tree  is  the  name  for  what  we  call  the 
india-rubber  tree.  The  india-rubber  is  obtained  by  india- 
tapping  the  trees,  and  in  the  gashes  placing  little  rubber  tree, 
clay  cups,  into  which  the  sap  of  the  tree  runs.  When  this 
juice  has  been  thickened,  and  passed  through  the  black, 
smoke  of  a  fire  made  of  palm-nuts,  it  is  ready  to  be  sold. 

Coffee  is  largely  raised  in  all  the  tropical  countries  of: 
South  America.  The  coffee-bush  is  about  the  size 
of  a  small  plum-tree,  with  leaves  of  dark  shining- 
green,  and  white  flowers.  Inside  the  berries  are  the  coffee- 
beans,  inclosed  in  a  soft  red  pulp  like  a  cherry.  The  negroes 
gather  the  berries  in  deep  baskets,  and  lay  them  on  large  flat 
stones,  where  the  grains  are  spread  out  to  dry  after  the 
red  juicy  part  is  rubbed  off. 
Two  of  the  most  important  products  of   the   Andes   region  are   cinchona   and   cacao.     The 


Coffee. 


Countries    of    the    Andes, 


79 


Mate. 


cinchona  is  the  tree  from  which  the  medicine 
Cinchona  Called  qiiiniue  is  obtained.  The  cacao- 
and  cacao,    j-j-gg  jg  |-}-,g  |-j-gg  \_\\-sx  yields  the  bean 

from  which  cocoa  and  chocolate  are  made. 

In  Paraguay  there  is  a  shrub  called  mate,  the 
dried  leaves  of  which  are  used  in  place 
of  tea  in  many  parts  of  South  America. 

The  forests  of  the  Amazon  are  filled  with 
Tropical  troops  of  monkcys,  which  live  among 
animals.  j-|-jg  branchcs  of  the  trees.  Here,  also, 
are  found  the  great  boa-constrictor,  the  largest 
of  snakes  ;  and  the  jaguar,  a  kind  of  tiger,  one 
of  the  most  dangerous  of  wild  beasts.  The 
armadillo  is  a  curious  little  animal  with  a  hard 
horn-like  covering.  The  tapir  is  the  largest  of 
the  four-footed  animals.  The  sloth  can  hardly 
crawl  on  the  ground,  but  it  is  quite  active  in 
climbing  among  the  branches  of  the  trees. 

The  most  interesting  of  the  animals  found 
Animals  of  ou  the  highlands  of  the  Andes  is  the 
the  Andes,  n^ma.  It  has  been  called  the  "  small 
camei,"  and  is  much  used  as  a  beast  of  burden. 
This  animal  is  about  the  size  of  a  stag,  so  it  is 
not  large  or  strong  enough  to  carry  a  man  ;  but 
it  can  bear  a  load  of  from  fifty  to  a  hundred 
pounds.  These  animals  move  in  long  files  of 
five  hundred  or  a  thousand,  marching  in  perfect 
order,  and  in  obedience  to  the  conductor.  The 
alpaca  is  smaller  than  the  llama,  and  looks  some- 
what like  a  sheep.  It  has  a  long,  soft,  fine 
fleece,  of  a  silky  luster.  The  chinchilla  is  an 
elegant  little  animal,  covered  with  very  thick 
and  soft  fur  of  a  grayish  color.  This  fur  is 
greatly  admired  for  winter  clothing,  and  is  made 
into  muffs,  mantles,  trimmings,  etc.  On  the 
rocky  heights  of  the  Andes  is  found  the  condor, 
the  largest  of  the  vulture  tribe. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1,  In  which  zofte  is  the  greater  part  of  South  America? 
In  the  Torrid  Zone. 

2.  What  of  the  climate  in  this  zone  ? 

In  the  plains  it  is  hot ;  but  on  the  table-lands 
it  is  temperate. 


3.  What  of  the  climate  in  the  southern  part? 

It  grows  colder  toward  the  South  Pole. 

4.  What  are  some  of  the  interesting  trees  and  plants  of 

South  America? 

They  are  many  kinds  of  palms,  the  india- 
rubber  tree,  the  cinchona  and  cacao  trees, 
the  coffee-plant,  and  the  tea-plant. 

5.  Name  some  of  the  animals  found  in   the  tropical 

forests. 

They  are  monkeys,  the  anaconda,  the  jaguar, 
tapir,  and  armadillo. 

6.  Name  some  of  the  animals  found  in  the  Andes  region. 
They    are    the    llama,    the    alpaca,    and    the 

condor. 


street  Scene  In  Valparaiso. 


Reading-Lesson    XXXV. 


COUNTRIES    OF    THE    ANDES. 


Cal-la'o 

Ec-ua-dor' 

Guay-a-quil'  (gwl-a-keel') 


Li'ma  (/e') 
Qui'to  (Ae') 
Val-pa-rai'so  (-rV) 


Countries. 


In  the  Andes  are  five  countries,  beginning 
with  Colombia  on  the  north,  and  end- 
ing with  Chili  on  the  south.  You  may 
easily  remember  the  name  ot  the  country  which 
is  next  south  of  Colombia  by  thinking  of  the 


8o 


Countries    of    the    Andes 


Equator,  which  crosses  it.  Now,  the  Spanish 
for  Equator  is  Ecuador.  To  the  south  of  Ecua- 
dor is  Peru.  To  the  south  of  Peru  is  Bolivia, 
called   after  a  famous   general   named   Bolivar. 


'      u'iv  vVc 

A  Peruvian  Scene. 


The  people. 


Bolivia  joins  on  to 
Chili.  South  of  Chili 
is  the  region  called 
Patagonia.  The  Andes 
region  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  soon 
after  the  discovery  of  America.  An  army  of 
Spanish  adventurers  under  Pizarro  marched 
into  Peru,  which  was  at  this  time  peopled  by  a 
partly  civilized  Indian  race.  The  Spaniards 
made  slaves  of  the  Indians,  and  forced  them 
to  work  in  the  mines. 

The  people  of  all  the  Andes  countries  now 
consist  of  whites  of  Spanish  descent, 
of  native  Indians,  and  of  various  mixed 
races.  The  Indians  are  the  larger  part  of  the 
population.  All  these  countries  are  republics. 
The  people  speak  the  Spanish  language. 

Trade  in  the  Andes  countries  is  very  much 
Mode  of  hindered  by  the  want  of  good  roads 
travel.  g^j^^  bridges.  For  the  most  part,  goods 
have  to  be  carried  on  the  backs  of  mules  and 
llamas.  Travelers  are  often  carried  in  chairs 
strapped  to  the  backs  of  sure-footed  Indians. 
Often  the  only  bridges  are  ropes  stretched 
across  deep  chasms.  In  late  years,  however, 
there  has  been  a  good  deal  of  improvement, 
and  railroads  have  been  built  from  the  Pacific 
coast  to  the  cities  on  the  table-land. 

Of  the  things  sent  out  from  the  Andes  coun- 


E«ports. 


tries  by  way  of  trade,  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant are  :  coffee,  cocoa,  and  cotton, 
from  Colombia  ;  cocoa  and  dye-stuffs 
from  Ecuador ;  Peruvian  bark  and  guano  from 
Peru  ;  saltpeter  and  silver-ore  from  Bolivia ; 
and  wheat,  copper,  and  wool  from  Chili. 

The  three  largest  cities  of  the  Andes  coun- 
tries are  Santiago  in  Chili,  Lima  in  Largest 
Peru,  and  Quito  in  Ecuador.  Quito  "*'^^- 
is  one  of  the  highest  cities  in  the  world,  being 
nearly  two  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Within  sight  are  eleven  lofty  summits  of  the 
Andes,  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  city 
enjoys  a  spring-like  climate  throughout  the  year. 

The  three  principal  seaports  on  the   Pacific 
coast  are  Guayaquil  in  Ecuador,  Cal- 

-^       '  ,   .  Seaports. 

lao  in  Peru,  and  Valparaiso  in  Chili. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  How  7?iany  countries  are  there  in  the  Andes  region  f 
There  are  five  countries  in  the  Andes  region. 

2.  Name  them.,  beginning  at  the  north. 

They  are  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia, 
and  Chili. 

3.  By  what  people  of  Europe  were  the  natives  of  the 

Andes  countries  conquered f 

They  were  conquered  by  the  Spaniards. 

4.  What  people  now  live  in  those  countries? 
Whites  of  Spanish  descent,  Indians,  and  va- 
rious mixed  races. 

5.  What  are  the  principal  exports  of  the  Andes  coun- 

tries ? 

The  principal  exports  are  coffee,  cocoa,  cotton, 
dye-stuffs,  Peruvian  bark;  guano,  saltpeter, 
copper,  wheat,  and  wool. 

6.  What  are  the  largest  cities  in  the  Andes  countries? 
They  are  Santiago,  in  Chili ;  Lima,  in   Peru  ; 

and  Quito,  in  Ecuador. 

7.  What  are  the  chief  seaports  ? 

They  are  Guayaquil,  in  Ecuador  ;  Callao,  in 
Peru  ;  and  Valparaiso,  in  Chili. 


Countries    of    the    Plains 


8i 


/>>.^" 


.«»    ^.?~ 


CoSee-piclLing. 


Reading-Lesson    XXXVI. 


COUNTRIES    OF    THE    PLAINS. 


Bue-nos  Ay-res  {bo'nus  d'rie) 

Mon-te-vid'e-o 

Pa-ra-guay' 


Ri'o  Ja-nei'ro  (ne') 

U-ru-guay' 

Ven-e-zue'la 


.ountries. 


Venezuela. 


Guiana. 


There  are  six  countries  in  the  great  eastern 
plain.  In  the  valley  of  the  Orinoco 
is  Venezuela,  and  next  to  it  is  Guiana. 
The  word  Venezuela  means  Little  Venice,  and 
the  name  was  given  to  this  region  by 
the  Spanish  explorers,  who  found  In- 
dian villages  built  upon  piles  on  the  flat  shore, 
and  they  thought  these  looked  somewhat  like 
Venice.  Venezuela  exports  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa, 
cotton,  indigo,  hides,  and  cattle. 

Guiana  is  divided  into  three  colonies,  belong- 
ing  to    Great    Britain,    Holland,    and 
France.    The  exports  are  sugar,  coffee, 
indigo,  rum,  and  cayenne-pepper. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Amazon  is  the  empire  of 
Brazil,  a  country  as  large  as  the  whole 

Brazil.  .      ,     \-.     .         -     j:  ^ 

of  the  United  States. 

Brazil  was  settled  by  the  Portuguese,  whereas 
By  whom  all  the  rest  of  South  America  was 
settled.  settled  by  the  Spaniards.  Brazil  is  a 
monarchy  ruled  by  an  emperor,  while  all  the 
other  countries  are  republics.  The  present  in- 
habitants of  Brazil  consist  of  the  descendants  of 
the  Portuguese,  of  mixed  races,  of  negroes,  and 
of  Indians. 

The  principal  articles  which  the  Brazilians 
produce  for  sale  are  coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  india- 


rubber,    and   diamonds.      More    than    half   the 
coffee  used  in  the  world  comes  from 
the  coffee-plantations  of  Brazil.     The 
diamond-mines    are    the    richest    in   the  world. 
Rio  Janeiro,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city  in 
South  America. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Plata  are  one  large  coun- 
try called  the  Argentine    Confedera-  Argentine 
tion,  and  two  small  countries  named  confedera- 
Paraguay  and  Uruguay.     The  Argen- 
tine Confederation  is  the.  most  civilized  of  these 
countries.     In  this  land  are  the  pampas,  with 
their  herds  and  flocks.      The  wild  horses   are 
killed  for  their  hides,  and  the  cattle  for  their 
flesh,  hides,  horns,  and  tallow.     The  seaport  of 
Buenos  Ayres  is  the  capital  and  chief  city. 

Uruguay   exports   the    same  articles    as  the 
Argentine   Confederation.     It    has    a  „ 

<->  Uruguay 

large     seaport     named     Montevideo,   and 
Paraguay  is  the  smallest  and  weakest     ^""^s^^y- 
of  the  South  American  republics. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  How  fiiany  countries  are  there  in  the  eastern  plain? 
There  are  six  countries. 

2.  Name  them. 

Venezuela,    Guiana,    Brazil,    the    Argentine 
Confederation,  Uruguay,  and  Paraguay. 

3.  What  are  the  chief  exports  of  Venezuela  and  Guiana  ? 
The  chief    exports    are  sugar,  coffee,   cocoa, 

cotton,  indigo,  hides,  and  cayenne-pepper. 

4.  What  is  the  government  of  Brazil? 

It  is  a  monarchy,  ruled  by  an  emperor. 

5.  What  are  the  chief  exports  of  Brazil? 

They  are  coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  india-rubber, 
and  diamonds. 

6.  What  seaport  is  the  capital? 

Rio  Janeiro,  the  largest  city  in  South  America. 
7-  Natne  the  exports  of  the  Argentine  Confederation. 
They  are  meat,  hides,  horns,  and  tallow. 

8.  What  large  seaport  is  the  capital  of  this  country  ? 
The  seaport  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

9,  What  large  seaport  in  Uruguay  ? 
The  seaport  of  Montevideo. 


82 


Nature    of    the    Country 


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84 


Nature    of    the    Country, 


the  Alps,  which  are  visited  by  thousands  every 
year,  to   see  the  grand    glaciers    and 
''^"     lofty  snow-crowned  peaks.     You  must 
have  heard  of  Mont  Blanc,  which  is  the  best- 
known  peak. 

Europe   has    many   noble    navigable    rivers, 
though    none  that  are  so    long  or  so 
large  as  the  great  rivers  of  America. 
The  Volga,  which  is  the  longest,  flows  through 


Rivers. 


Climate. 


FRIGID       ZONE 


Physical  Map  o{  Europe. 

the  "Great  Plain  of  Russia"  into  the  Caspian 
Sea.  The  Danube,  which  is  the  next  longest, 
flows  eastward,  through  the  south  of  Europe, 
into  the  Black  Sea.  It  is  the  most  useful  of 
all  for  trade.  The  Rhine,  in  Germany,  is  also 
very  useful  for  trade,  and  is  a  very  beautiful 
river,  with  many  old  castles  on  its  banks.  Then 
there  are  rivers  which,  though  not  so  long  as 
this,  are  very  useful.     Who  has  not   heard  of 


the    Seine,    on    which    is    Paris  .■*     and    of    the 
Thames,  on  which  is  London  .-* 

The  most  of  Europe  is  in  the  North  Tem- 
perate Zone.  There  is  a  curious  fact 
in  regard  to  the  climate  of  Europe  : 
the  climate  is  much  milder  in  the  northern 
parts  than  we  might  think.  Thus  London, 
where  the  weather  is  never  very  cold,  is  much 
farther  north  than  Boston,  where  the  winters 

are  often  very  severe.  The 
reason  of  this  is  that  a  great 
warm  current  called  the  Gulf 
Stream  flows  across  the  At. 
lantic  Ocean,  and,  by  raising 
the  temperature  of  the  air, 
gives  western  Europe  a  much 
milder  climate  than  it  would 
otherwise  have. 

FOR  recitation. 

1.  What    is  said  of  the   size  of 
Europe  ? 

Europe  is  the  smallest  of 
the  grand  divisions. 

2.  Why  is  it  the  most  important 
grand  division  f 

Because  it  is  the  home  of 
so  many  great  and  strong 
nations. 

3.  What  is  noticed  about  the  coast  l 
On  it  are  many  bays,  gulfsj 

and  seas. 

4.  What  can  you  say  of  the  sur^ 

face  ? 

The  greater  part  is  low  and  level. 

5.  What  are  the  most  famous  mountains  in  Europe  ? 
The  most  famous  mountains  are  the  Alps. 

6.  Name  the  two  longest  rivers  of  Europe. 
The  two  longest   rivers  of    Europe  are  th« 

Volga  and  the  Danube. 

7.  In  ivhich  zone  is  most  of  Europe? 
Most  of  it  is  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone. 


The    British    Isles 


85 


Reading-Lesson    XXXVIII. 

THE   BRITISH   ISLES. 


Blr'ming-ham  {■ming-xim) 
Ed'in-burgh  y-bur-ruh) 


Eng'land  {ing'gland) 
It-al'ian  {-yun) 


We  begin  our  studies  on  Europe  with  a  little 
^^  country,  but  a  great  people.     You  have 

England  all  heard  of  this  country  and  this  peo- 
is  famous,  ^j^ .  j^j^gj^^d  and  the  English.  In- 
deed, there  is  no  part  of  the  world  where  these 
names  are  not  known.  The  English  have,  in 
the  course  of  centuries,  laid  hold  of  so  many 
parts  of  the  world,  that  now  the  Queen  of  Eng- 
land rules  over  about  one-sixth  of  all  the  dry 
land  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  He5  subjects 
number  six  times  as  many  people  as  there  are 
in  the  United  States. 

There  is  a  strong  reason  why  we  should  wish 
to  know  a  good  deal  about  England. 

Why  *  ° 

England  is    This  is,  that,  though  the  people  of  our 

interesting.  ,  i  •         1      • 

country  are  much  mixed  in  race,  — 
English,  Irish,  Scotch,  German,  French,  Span- 
ish, Italian,  etc., — yet  by  far  the  greater  num- 
ber of  Americans  are  of  British  descent. 

When  we  speak  of  "  England  "  as  the  name 
British  of  this  great  country,  we  do  not  speak 
Isles.  very  exactly.      The  land   called  Eng- 

land is  really  but  a  part  of  one  of  two  islands 
lying  off  the  west  coast  of  Europe.  These  are 
the  "British  Isles."  The  larger  of  the  two 
islands  is  named  Great  Britain  ;  the  smaller,  Ire- 
land. Now,  the  island  of  Great  Britain,  besides 
England,  contains  Scotland  and  Wales,  which 
in  former  times  were  kingdoms  by  themselves. 
In  like  manner  Ireland  was  governed  by  its  own 
kings.  But  many  years  ago  Scotland,  Wales, 
and  Ireland  were  joined  with  England  :  so  that 
now  the  true  name  of  the  nation  is  "The 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland." 

We  speak  also  of  the  "  British  Empire,"  by 
British  which  we  mean  this  kingdom  and  all 
Empire.  ^.|-jg  British  colonies,  in  whatever  part 
of  the  world.  The  principal  colonies  are  Canada, 
India,  and  Australia.     The  British  possessions 


Population. 


form  SO  vast   an  empire  that  it  has  been  said 
that  "the  sun  never  sets  on  the  English  flag." 

Though  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  are  among 
the  large  islands  of  the  world,  they 
seem  very  small  to  be  the  home  of  so 
great  and  powerful  a  nation.  There  are  in 
England,  Wales,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  over 
thirty  millions  of  people  ;  and  yet  the  British 
Isles  are  not  so  large  as  the  single  state  of 
California,  which  has  but  little  over  half  a  mil- 
lion of  population  ! 


9    Longitude  6  'W'"est  from  3  Greenwich  0  Xougitude  3  East 


68      Longitucle     71     East  from     74    "Wasliington    77 


Map  of  the  Brltisb  Isles. 

England  is  the  greatest  manufacturing  coun- 
try in  the  world.  One  of  the  most  Manu- 
important  branches  of  manufacture  in-  f^'^t^''^^- 
eludes  all  kinds  of  things  made  of  iron  and  steel. 
Such  are  engines,  railroad-iron,  machinery,  and 
every  description  of  hardware  and  cutlery.  The 
manufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods  is  a 
still  larger  industry  than  that  of  iron-ware,  and 
in  the  making  of  these  goods   England  is  the 


86 


1  HE    British    Isles 


Agriculture. 


foremost  country  in  the  world.     There  are  thou- 
sands of  cotton-mills  and  woolen-factories  ;  and 
all  these  have  grown  up  since  the  invention  of 
the  steam-engine  and  of    improved  machinery 
for  spinning  and  weaving.     There  are  also  thou- 
sands of  persons  employed  in  weaving  linen  and 
silk,  and  in  making  pottery  and  glassware. 
The   English  are  also   skillful   farmers,   and 
the  country  is  like  a  garden,  so  highly 
is  it  cultivated.     So,  too,   the  English 
raise  the    finest    breeds    of    cattle,   sheep,   and 
horses  ;  and  on  all  parts  of  the  coast  are  towns 
and  villages  in  which 
fishermen  live. 
The  people  in  the 
middle   of 

Scotland. 

Scotland 
are  largely  engaged 
in  manufacturing, 
for  the  reason  that 
plenty  of  coal  and 
iron  is  found  there. 
Farming  also  is  car- 
ried on  with  great 
skill.  The  "  High- 
lands "  of  Scotland 
(the  name  given  to 
the  hilly  northern 
part)  are  noted  for 
their  grand  scenery, 

and  especially  for  their  beautiful  mountains  and 
lakes. 

Ireland  is  finely  fitted  for  farming,  grazing, 
and  dairying.  The  farms  are  generally 
small  patches  of  ground  ;  and  potatoes, 
which  are  so  great  an  article  of  food  in  Ireland, 
are  raised  on  these.  Many  persons  are  engaged 
in  tending  the  flax-plant,  which  is  used  in  mak- 
ing linen.  Butter  is  sent  from  all  the  ports ; 
and  the  people  in  England  and  Scotland  get 
also  eggs,  potatoes,  pigs,  pork,  bacon,  and  cattle 
from  this  beautiful  island. 

In  the  British  Isles  are  many  very  great  cities. 
Greatest  of  all  is  London,   the  capital.     It  is 


Scene  in  the  Highlands 


Ireland. 


the  largest  city  in  the  world,  and  has  three 
times  as  many  people  as  New  York  Great 
City.  Liverpool  is  the  next  largest  '^'t'^s. 
city.  It  is  the  great  seaport  for  trade  with  the 
United  States.  Manchester  is  the  chief  cen- 
ter for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  as 
Birmingham  is  for  hardware.  Glasgow  is  the 
principal  manufacturing  and  trading  city  of 
Scotland.  It  builds  more  iron  and  steel  steam- 
ers than  any  other  city  in  the  world.  Edinburgh 
is  also  a  Scotch  city,  and  is  noted  for  its  beauty. 
Dublin  is  the  largest  and  finest  city  in  Ireland. 

FOR  RECITATION. 

1.  What  kingdom  occu- 
pies the  British 
Isles? 

The  "United 
Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain 
and  Ireland." 

Of  what  does  the  British  Em- 
pire consist  ? 

It  consists  of  this  kingdom,  together  with  all 
the  British  colonies. 

What  is  the  chief  business  in  England? 
The  chief  business  is  manufacturing. 

What  are  the  principal  articles  made  ? 
They  are  cotton,  woolen,  and  iron  goods. 

What  are  the  principal  occupations  of  the  Scotch  ? 
They  are  manufacturing  and  farming  in  the 
Lowlands,   and  the  raising  of    sheep  and 
cattle  in  the  Highlands. 

WJiat  are  the  principal  occupations  of  the  Irish  ? 
They  are  farming,  grazing,  and  dairying. 

What  can  you  say  of  London  ? 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  British  Isles,  and  is 
the  largest  city  in  the  world. 

Name  six  other  large  cities. 

Liverpool,    Manchester,    Birmingham,    Glasj 
gow,  Edinburgh,  and  Dublin. 


6. 


8. 


Northern    Europe 


87 


making  of  butter  and  cheese  are  the  most 


is    important  occupations 


The  Danes 


Denmark. 


Scenes  in  Northern  Europe 


Reading-Lesson    XXXIX. 


NORTHERN   EUROPE. 


Co-pen-ha'gen 
Czar  («(«•) 


Stock'holm 

Nij-ni  {nizh'ne)  Nov-go'rod 


The  northern  countries  of  Europe  are  Swe- 
den and  Norway,  Denmark,  and  Rus- 

Countries.  .  ^      .  ,  •  ii      1 

sia.  It  IS  easy  to  see  that  m  all  these 
countries,  except  in  the  southern  part  of  Rus- 
sia, the  winter  must  be  long  and  cold. 

Sweden  and  Norway  are  two  countries  gov- 
swedenand  cmcd  by  ouc  king.  They  occupy  the 
Norway.  north-wcstem  peninsula  of  Europe,  a 
land  of  mountains  and  lakes,  waterfalls,  and 
deep  bays  called  fiords.  These  countries  are 
rich  in  great  pine-forests,  in  mines  of  the  finest 
iron,  and  in  the  wealth  of  the  sea.  The  people 
are  hardy,  thrifty,  and  intelligent.  Stockholm 
is  the  capital  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

In  Denmark  the  air  is  moist,  which  gives  the 
country  green  meadows.     Cattle-raising  and  the 


are  also  very  fond  of  the  sea,  and 
goods  are  often  carried  from  one  country  to 
another  in  Danish  ships.  Copenhagen,  the 
capital,  is  noted  for  its  fine  palaces,  jDublic 
buildings,  and  museums  of  art. 

Russia  is  larger  than  all  the  other  countries 
of  Europe  together.     Of  course,  being 

^    .  .  .  ,..r  Russia. 

so  exteniiive,  its  various  parts  dirier 
very  much  in  climate  and  productions.  The 
northern  part  is  a  great  dreary  region,  with  a 
winter  lasting  for  seven  or  eight  months.  In 
the  central  section  is  a  large  district  covered 
with  forests.  Bears,  wolves,  and  other  wild 
animals  abound,  and  often  not  a  house  is  to 
be  seen  for  miles  together.  Southern  Russia 
is  a  region  of  plains,  called  steppes,  which  afford 
food  to  great  herds  of  half-wild  horses  and 
cattle. 

The  people  are  engaged  chiefly  in  agriculture 
and  grazing.     They  raise  rye,  wheat,   occupa- 
oats,    flax,    and    hemp.       Iron    is    the  ''''"^• 
metal  most  largely  worked  in  Russia  ;  but  the 
country  has  no  coal-beds,  and  hence  Russia  is 
not  much  engaged  in  manufactures. 

Russia  has  a  large  traffic  with  Central  Asia 
and  China.  This  is  carried  on  by  Trade  with 
means  of  sleighs  or  sledges  which  ^*''"^- 
glide  over  the  snow-covered  ground,  and  of 
caravans  which  cross  the  deserts.  Great  quan- 
tities of  tea  are  brought  in  this  way  from  China 
to  Russia,  for  tea  is  the  national  drink  of  the 
Russians. 

Great  fairs  are  one  of  the  interesting  features 


The  fairs. 


in  the  trade  of  Russia.  The  largest  fairs  are 
held  at  a  place  called  Nijni  Novgorod  ; 
they  are  attended  every  year  by  thou- 
sands of  visitors  from  all  parts  of  Europe  and 
Asia. 

Russia  is  ruled  by  an  emperor,  called  the 
Emperor  Czar.  Hc  alouc  can  make  laws,  hence 
and  capital.  ^}^g  peoplc  are  not  free.  St.  Peters- 
burg, the  capital,  is  farther  north  than  any 
other  great  city  in  the  world. 

The  northern  part  of  Sweden  and  Norway, 
and  the  part  of  Russia  near  by,  are 
called  Lapland.  This  region  is  in  the 
North  Frigid  Zone.  Here  for  some  weeks  in 
winter  the  sun  does  not  rise  at  all,  and  in  mid- 
summer there  is  one  long  day  of  several  weeks. 
The  people  are  called  Lapps.  They  are  very 
small,  and  dress  in  furs,  with  trousers  and  shoes 
of  reindeer-skin. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Lapland. 


1.  IV/iat  are  the  countries  of  Northern  Europe? 

The  countries  of  Northern  Europe  are  Swe- 
den and  Norway,  Denmark,  and  Russia. 

2.  Which  two  of  these   countries  are  governed  by  one 

king  ? 

Sweden  and  Norway. 

3.  What  natural  wealth  have  they  ? 

They  have  great  forests,  fine  iron,  and  profita- 
ble fisheries. 

4.  Wliat  are  the  principal  occupatiotis  of  the  Danes  ? 
They  are  cattle-raising  and  dairying. 

5.  How  does  Russia  compare  in  size  witJi  other  Euro- 

pean countries  ? 

Russia  is  larger  than  all  the  other  countries 
of  Europe  together. 

6.  What  is  the  principal  occupation  in  Russia  ? 
The  principal  occupation  is  agriculture. 

7.  What  of  the  rider  of  Russia  ? 

He  is  called  the  Czar,  and  he  alone  can  make 
laws. 


Reading-Lesson    XL. 


CENTRAL   EUROPE.  — FRANCE,  BELGIUM,  AND  SWITZERLAND 


Al'pine  {-pin) 
Bel'g-i-um 


Brus'sels 
Ly'ons 


France. 


France  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  highly- 
civilized  nations  of  Europe.  It  is  a 
fine  country,  with  a  fertile  soil,  and 
a  mild  climate.  Frenchmen  call  it  "  la  belle 
France^'  beautiful  France. 

Four  Frenchmen  out  of    every  five  are    en- 


gaged in  farming  of  some  kind.    What 


Agriculture. 


they  raise  depends  on  the  part  of  the 
country  in  which  they  live.  The  northern  part 
is  the  land  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  rye,  beets  for 
making  sugar,  hemp,  flax,  and  the  common 
fruits.  Central  France  is  the  land  of  the  vine. 
\\\  Southern  France  the  vine,  the  olive,  the 
orange,  and  the  mulberry-tree  are  cultivated. 
On  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry-tree  the  silk- 
worm feeds. 

The  vineyards  in  the  central  and  southern 
parts  of  France  are  exceedingly  beau-  The 
tiful.  The  vines  are  made  to  grow  mintage, 
on  stakes,  in  long  rows,  with  just  room  enough 
to  walk  between  them.  The  time  of  the  grape- 
gathering  is  called  the  vintage.  Then  all  the 
children  turn  out  to  help  their  fathers  and 
mothers  gather  the  grapes ;  and  everybody 
seems  glad  at  the  time  of  vintage.  Why  is 
the  grape  grown  so  much  in  France  .-*  It  is 
grown  for  the  purpose  of  making  wine.  More 
wine  is  made  in  France  than  in  any  other 
country.  Bordeaux,  on  the  river  Garonne,  is 
the  chief  port  near  the  vineyards. 

The  most  important  manufacture  of  France 
is  that  of  silk  goods.  French  silks  Manufac- 
surpass  those  of  any  other  country  in  ^"'■^^■ 
richness  of  material,  brilliancy  of  color,  and 
taste  and  elegance  of  design.  Lyons  is  the 
great  place  where  velvets  and  other  silk  goods 
are  made.  The  French  broadcloths  are  famous, 
as  are  also  the  fine  cotton  goods,  such  as  mus- 
lins and  cambrics.    We  receive  from  the  French 


Central    IC  u  r  o  p  e 


89 


our    best    gloves, 
most    beautiful  em- 
broideries,    finest 
j  ewelry,  and  choicest 
perfumery.    In  fact, 
the   French  excel 
wherever  taste  and 
skill  are  required. 
Paris,  the  capital, 
not 
so  large  as 
London,  is  the  most 
famous  and  splendid 
city  in  the  world.    It 
is  noted  for  its  grand 
public     buildings, 
ardens,  and  places 
of    amusement.      It 
is    also   famous   for 
its    great    libraries, 
museums,    and     art 
galleries,  and  for  the 
manufacture       and 
sale  of  articles  of  taste,  ornament,  and  fashion. 
Belgium  is  a  small  country  bordering  on  the 
north-eastern  part  of  France,  and  full 
of  busy  people.     It  is  rich  in  mines  of 
•coal  and  iron,  and  on  this  account  the  Belgians 
are  much  engaged  in  various  kinds  of  manufac- 
tures.    Here  are  made  the  fine  laces  and  linens, 
and  the  beautiful  carpets  and  glassware,  that 


Scenes  in  Central  Europe. 


Belgium. 


are  known  all  over  the 
world.  Brussels,  the  cap- 
ital, is  a  kind  of  small 
Paris. 

Switzerland  is  famous 
for  its  grand  swuzer- 
and  beautiful  '*"''• 
scenery.  The  summits  of  the  Alps  are  always 
covered  with  snow.  Sometimes  a  mass  of  snow 
that  can  no  longer  cling  to  the  steep  slope 
breaks  away,  and,  getting  larger  as  it  rolls, 
comes  down  with  a  loud  noise  into  the  plain. 
The  pine-forest  can  not  stop  this  immense  snow- 
ball :  the  tall  trees  snap  like  little  sticks. 

Such  a  falling  mass  is  called  an  avalanche. 
The  snow  and  ice  of  the  high  valleys  Avalanche 
are  partly  melted  in  the  summer  time,  andgiacier. 
and  slowly  move,  like  rivers,  lower  down. 
These  ice-rivers  are  called  glaciers,  and  may 
be  seen  in  many  Alpine  valleys.  They  push 
down  and  down  till  the  warmer  air  turns  the 
ice  into  water.  Some  of  the  largest  rivers  in 
Europe,  as  the  Danube,  the  Rhine,  and  the 
Rhone,  have  their  sources  in  the  glaciers  of 
the  Alps. 

Switzerland  is  chiefly  a  grazing  country,  and 
nowhere  are  better  butter  and  cheese  ^ 

Occupa- 

made.  The  making  of  watches,  mu-  tions  and 
sic-boxes,  and  jewelry  is  the  favorite  p^°p'^' 
form  taken  by  the  manufacturing  skill  of  the 
people.  The  Swiss  are  brave,  and  love  their 
country  and  liberty.  They  have  good  schools, 
and  are  generally  well  educated.  Switzerland 
is  a  republic,  like  our  own  country.  A  chief 
officer  called  the  president  is  elected  every 
year.     The  capital  is  Berne. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  Describe  France. 

France  is  a  fine  country,  with  a  fertile  soil, 
and  a  mild  climate. 

2.  What  is  the  principal  occupation  in  France  f 
The  principal  occupation  is  agriculture. 


90 


Central    Europe, 


3.  What  articles  are  manufactured? 

Silks,  broadcloths,  fine  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  and  many  articles  of  taste  and  fash- 
ion.    Wine  also  is  largely  made. 

4.  What  is  the  capital  of  France? 

Paris  is  the  capital. 

6.  Name  some  articles  of  maniifacttcre  for  which  Bel- 
gium is  noted. 

Belgium  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  car- 
pets, laces,  and  glassware. 

6.   What  are  the  principal  occupatio7is  of  the  Swiss  ? 
They  are  dairying,  and  the  manufacture  of 
watches,  jewelry,  etc. 


♦  ♦ 


Reading-Lesson    XLI. 


CENTRAL  EUROPE.-NETHERLANDS,GERIV?ANY,  AND  AUSTRIA. 


Am-ster-dam' 
Bres'lau  {-law) 
Cra'cow  [krZi'ko) 
Dres'den  {drez') 


Ham'burg 
Mu'nich  {-nlk) 
Pesth  {pest) 
Prague 


The  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  is  usually 
Nether-  Called  Holland,  and  the  people  are 
lands.  known   as  the  Dutch.     A  large   part 

of  this  country  was  once  under  the  sea,  and 
even  now  the  water  is  only  kept  out  by  great 
banks  of  earth  called  dikes. 

The  Dutch  are  fine  farmers,  and  make  butter 
occupa-  and  cheese  in  great  quantities.  They 
tions.  ^j-g  skilled  in  some  kinds  of  manufac- 

ture. The  Dutch  own  valuable  islands  in  the 
East  and  West  Indies,  and  carry  on  a  large 
trade. 

In  Holland  transportation  is  carried  on  almost 
entirely  by  means  of  canals,  which  in 
Holland  take  the  place  of  roads  else- 
where. They  form  the  principal  highways  of 
the  cities,  and  extend  in  a  network  over  the 
whole  country.  In  winter  the  people  skate  from 
place  to  place  on  the  ice,  which  then  covers  the 
canals.  The  farmers'  wives  skate  to  market 
with  butter  and  eggs  in  baskets  on  their  heads. 


Canals. 


Germany. 


and  even  the  children   often   skate  to   school. 
Amsterdam  is  the  largest  city  of  Holland. 

The  German  Empire  is  a  large  and  strong 
country  in  Central  Europe.  Till  a 
few  years  ago  Germany  consisted  of 
many  separate  kingdoms  and  states.  Most  of 
these  were  quite  small,  but  each  had  its  own 
king,  duke,  or  prince.  The  largest  and  strong- 
est of  the  German  lands  was  Prussia ;  and  so 
powerful  was  that  kingdom,  that  the  other  Ger- 
man lands  joined  with  Prussia,  and  made  the 
Prussian  King  the  German  Emperor. 

The  most  famous   river  of   Germany  is  the 
Rhine.     The  sunny  slopes  of  its  banks 

■^ .        ^  The  Rhine. 

are  covered  with  vineyards,  or  dotted 
with  pretty  hamlets.  On  the  tops  of  the  lofty 
rocks  are  seen  the  ruins  of  many  castles  that 
were  built  in  olden  times,  when  the  people  of 
that  land  were  often  fighting  among  them- 
selves. Some  of  the  finest  cities  of  Germany 
are  built  on  the  Rhine. 

Farming  is  the  principal  business  of  the  Ger- 
mans, and  the  grain  most  grown  is  occupa- 
rye,  from  which  is  made  the  bread  *'°"^- 
most  eaten  by  the  people.  The  grape,  too,  is 
raised  in  great  quantities  for  making  wine.  Ger- 
many has  mines  of  zinc  and  other  metals.  The 
principal  manufactures  are  broadcloths  and  linen 
goods,  silk  goods  and  leather  goods,  fine  china 
and  glassware,  toys,  and  wine  and  beer. 

Germany  is  noted  for  its  many  universities^ 
and  for  its  fine  system  of  primary  Notable 
schools.  Parents  are  made  by  law  ^^^'^e^- 
to  send  their  children  to  school  between  the 
ages  of  five  and  thirteen  years ;  and  every 
young  man  is  forced  to  serve  in  the  army  for 
several  years.  In  this  way  the  government 
can  always  bring  a  vast  army  of  trained  men 
into  the  field  in  case  of  war. 

Berlin,  the  capital  of  the  empire,  is  a  fine 
city,  with    as    many   people    as    New       . 
York.     Hamburg  is  the  greatest  sea- 
port.    Breslau,  Dresden,  and  Munich  are  also 
large  cities. 


Southern    Europe, 


91 


Austria. 


South-east  of  Germany  is  another  empire, 
Austria.  The  Emperor  of  Austria  is 
also  King  of  Hungary.  The  Austrians 
are  principally  Germans,  and  speak  the  Ger- 
man language  ;  but  the  Hungarians  are  of  quite 
another  race,  and  speak  a  language  of  their  own. 


Products. 


Salt-mine  near  Cracow. 

The  plains  are  very  fertile,  and  large  quan- 
tities of  wheat  and  other  grains  are 
grown.  The  product  of  wool  is  large. 
The  vine  also  flourishes,  and  wine  is  largely 
made.  In  other  parts  Austria  is  rich  in  min- 
erals. Near  Cracow  are  mines  of  rock-salt, 
which  are  the  largest  in  the  world. 

Vienna,  the  capital,  is  a  fine  city,  and  is  the 
third  in  size  in  EjLirope.     Prague  and 

Cities.  T-.         1 

Pesth  are  the  next  largest  cities. 
Trieste,  on  the  Adriatic  Sea,  is  the  chief  sea- 
port. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  iiaffie  is  given  to  Holland? 

It  is  called  the  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands. 

2.  What  is  the  chief  occupation  ? 

The  chief  occupation  is  dairying. 


3.   What  is  the  German  Empire? 

The  German  Empire  is  a  large  and  strong 
country  in  Central  Europe. 

^.   Which  is  the  tnost  important  kingdom  in  this  empire  ? 
Prussia  is  the  most  important  kingdom.     The 
King  of  Prussia  is  Emperor  of  Germany. 

5.  What  are  the  principal  products? 

They  are  grain,  wine,  zinc  and  other  metals. 

6.  Name  the  three  largest  cities. 
Berlin,  Hamburg,  and  Breslau. 

7.  What  kingdom  south-east  of  Germany  ? 
Austria, 

8.  What  are  the  principal  products  of  Austria  f 
They  are  wheat,  wool,  wine,  and  salt. 

9.  What  are  the  largest  cities  of  Austria  ? 
Vienna,  Prague,  and  Pesth. 


Reading-Lesson    XLII. 


SOUTHERN    EUROPE. 


Con-stan-ti-no'ple  i-pl) 

g-on'do-la 

Lis'bon  (««') 


Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an 

Port'u-gal 

Ve-su'vi-us 


The  southern  shore  of  Europe   is  laved  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  into  this   sunny 
sea    extend    three    peninsulas,  —  the  '^"^^• 
Spanish    peninsula,    Italy,    and    Turkey    with 
Greece.     These  lands   enjoy  a  most   beautiful 
climate,  and  produce  the  finest  fruits. 

Two  of  them   were  the  homes  of  the  most 
famous    nations    of    ancient    times,  —  uaiy  and 
namely,  Greece,  the  land  of  poets  and   G''ee«. 
orators    and   artists  ;    and    Italy,  the    home   of 
the  Roman  people,  who  at  one  time  ruled  the 
whole  civilized  world. 

The   Spanish  peninsula   is    divided   between 
two    nations,  —  Spain    and    Portugal,   spain  and 
In    the    plains    and    valleys   of   Spain    P°""g^'- 
are  vineyards,  mulberry-plantations,  and  groves 
of  the  olive,  orange,  lemon,  and    fig.     In  the 
plains  of  Portugal  grains  and  fruit  abound.     In 


Cities. 


the  mountain-land  of  Spain  are  the  fine-wooled 
merino  sheep.  The  mountains  also  contain 
rich  mines  of  quicksilver  and  lead.  The  prin- 
cipal exports  of  Spain  and  Portugal  are  silks, 
wool,  olive-oil,  cork,  wine,  and  fruits. 

Madrid  is  the  capital  and  largest  city  of 
Spain  :  it  contains  the  grandest  pic- 
ture gallery  in  the  world.      Lisbon  is 

the      capital      and 

T  ,('.'/  .'is;,  .^.-A  .^S'  .•, 


largest  city  of  Por- 
tugal. The  most 
terrible  earthquake 
ever  known  visited 
Lisbon  about  the 
middle  of  the  last 
century.  A  large 
part  of  the  city 
was  flooded  by  a 
great  sea-wave,  and 
in  six  minutes 
about  sixty  thou- 
sand persons  per- 
ished. 

The     greater 
number  of 
the    Ital- 
ians  cultivate   the 
ground,    and    take 
care  of  their  vine- 
yards    and     olive- 
"antations  and 


Scenes  in  Southern  Europe. 


mulberry-groves.  Every  pupil  must  have  heard 
how  skilled  the  Italians  are  in  the  fine  arts, 
especially  in  music  and  painting. 

The  chief  products  of  Italy  are  wheat,  olive- 
oil,  fruits,  and  silk. 

Rome  is  the  capital  of  Italy,  the  home  of  art, 
and  the  residence  of  the  Pope  ;   Naples 

•r    ,    ,  Cities. 

IS  situated  on  a  beautiful  bay,  on  one 
side  of  which  is  the  famous  volcano  of  Vesu- 
vius ;  Venice  is  built  on  many  islands,  and  some 
of  its  streets  are  canals,  where  people  go  about 
in  gondolas,  a  curious  kind  of  boat.  Florence 
is  noted  for  its  works  of  art. 

Greece  is  now  a  petty  kingdom,  and  every 
kind    of    industry   is    in   a   backward 

Greece. 

state.       Athens    is    still    the    capital  ; 
but  it  is    no    longer   the  city  of   temples    and 
palaces,  the    home    of    poets    and    artists    and 
orators.     Only  its  ruins  are  interesting. 

The  Turks  hold  quite  a  number  of  countries 
in  the  region  where  Europe,  Asia,  and 

1  r  1  Turkey. 

Africa   meet.      These  lands  form  the 
Turkish  Empire.     It  is  a  very  fertile  country  ; 
but,  owing  to  bad  government,  the  people  are 
not  prosperous  or  happy. 

The  Turks  themselves  form  only  a  small  part 
of   the  population  of   Turkey.     They 

^    ^  ■'  ■'      The  Turks. 

came  from  Asia  several  centuries  ago, 
and  conquered  and  settled  down  in  the  country 
which  they  now  occupy.     Their  way  of  living 
is  not  like  that  of  any  other  nation  of  Europe. 
They  are  Mohammedans  in  religion,  and 
believe  in  polygamy,  or  the  right  of  a  man 
to  have  several  wives.     The  ruler  of  Tur- 
key is  called  the  Sultan. 

The  principal  farm  products  of  Turkey 
are  maize,  rice,  tobacco,   products 
cotton,  rye,   barley,   and   and 
millet.    The  chief  exports 
are  tobacco,  wine,  olive-oil,  fruits, 
silks,  and  carpets. 

Constantinople  (meaning  the 
city  of  Constaiitiiic,  one  constar.ti- 
of  the  Roman  emperors)    "°p>«- 


Southern    Europe, 


93 


is  the  capital  of  Turkey.  By  looking  at  the 
map  you  may  see  how  finely  it  is  placed  for 
commerce.  The  splendid  harbor  is  called  "  The 
Golden  Morn."  From  a  distance  the  city  looks 
very  bright  and  gay,  with  its  many  mosques 
and  other  buildings  in  the  oriental  style  ;  but 
its  streets  are  narrow  and  unpaved,  and  are  not 
lighted  at  night. 

On    the    map   of   Europe    (p.  82),    you    may 
Small  see  the  names  Roumania,  Servia,  and 

kingdoms.  Montenegro.  These  small  countries, 
till  a  few  years  ago,  belonged  to  Turkey  ;  but 
they  are  now  independent. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.    IVIiat  three  peninsulas  extend  into  the  Mediterranean 
Sea? 

The    Spanish    peninsula,  Italy,   and    Turkey 
with  Greece. 


2.  What  are  the  principal  exports  of  Spain  and  Portugal? 
Silks,  wool,  olive-oil,  cork,  wine,  and  fruits. 

3.  What  are  the  chief  products  of  Italy? 

They  are  wheat,  olive-oil,  fruits,  and  silk. 

4.  A^anie  four  cities  of  Italy. 

Rome,  Naples,  Venice,  and  Florence. 

5.  What  can  you  say  of  Greece? 
It  is  a  petty  kingdom. 

6.  What  are  the  principal  exports  of  Turkey  ? 

They  are  tobacco,  wine,  olive-oil,  fruits,  silk, 
and  carpets. 

7.  What  is  the  capital  of  Turkey  ? 
Constantinople  is  the  capital. 

8.  What  can  you  say  of  Roumania,  Servia,  and  Monte- 

negro ? 

They  were  till  lately  parts  of  Turkey,  but  are 
now  independent. 


Picturesque  Scenes  in  Europe. 


Nature    of    the    Country. 


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96 


Nature    of   the    Country. 


of  Thibet.    The  two  great  deserts  —  the  Desert 

of  Iran  and  the  Desert  of  Gobi  —  are 

also  plateaus. 

The  loftiest  mountain-chain  of  Asia  is  that 

named  the  Himalaya  Mountains.     In 

oun  ains.   ^^^.^    chain    is    Mount  Everest,  which 

is  famous  as  being  the  highest  mountain  in  the 


Plateaus. 


NORTH    FRIG 


—  the  common  camel  of  Arabia,  and  the  Bac- 
trian  camel,  which  has  two  humps.  The  ele- 
phant, too,  is  a  most  useful  servant  and  com- 
panion to  man.  The  yak  with  its  long  woolly 
coat,  the  zebu  with  its  curious  hump,  and  the 
straight-horned  buffalo,  are  the  largest  and  most 
useful  members  of  the  ox  family.  Of  the  thick- 
skinned  animals  the  most  im- 
portant are  the  one-horned 
rhinoceros  of  India,  and  the 
white-backed  tapir  of  Suma- 
tra. Asia  is  the  home,  also, 
of  numerous  beasts  of  prey  ; 
among  them  that  greatest 
and  most  terrible  of  the  cat 
tribe,  the  tiger  of  Bengal,  and 
the  leopard-like  cheetah. 

Three  of  the  five  races  of 
men  live  in  Asia. 
These  are  the  Cau- 
casian, the  Mongolian,  and 
the  Malay  races.  The  Mon- 
golians are  most  numerous ; 
the  Malays  least  so. 

FOR  recitation. 


Races. 


Physical  Map  of  Asia. 

world.     Its  top  is  five  and  a  half  miles  above 

the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  southern  part  of  Asia  consists  of  three 
great  peninsulas.  These  are  Arabia, 
Hindostan,  and  Indo-China. 
Asia  is  the  home  of  many  large  and  interest- 
ins:  animals.  Some  of  these  have  been 
tamed,  and  others  are  wild  and  fierce. 

Of  the  domesticated  animals  the  camel  is  the 

most  useful.     There  are  two  kinds  of  camels, 


Peninsulas. 


Animals. 


3. 


1.  What  part  of  the  population  of 
the  globe  lives  in  Asia  ? 

One-half  the  population  of 
the  globe. 

2.  In  whidi  zones  is  Asia  ? 
The  northern  part  is  in  the 

North  Frigid  Zone,  and 
the  southern  part  in  the 
Torrid  Zone  ;  but  the  greater  part  is  in  the 
North  Temperate  Zone. 
Which  parts  of  Asia  form  a  great  plain  ? 
The  northern  and  north-western  parts. 
Na7ne  the  highest  plateau. 
The  Table-land  of  Thibet. 
Which  are  the  loftiest  mountains  ? 
The  Himalaya  Mountains  are  the  loftiest,  and 
Mount  Everest  is  the  highest  mountain  on 
the  globe. 


China    and    Japan. 


97 


CH  E  E  TAH 


Animals  of  Asia. 


6.  What  three  great  peninsttlas  in  Southern  Asia  ? 
Arabia,  Hindostan,  and  Indo-China. 

7.  Xaine  some  of  the  animals  of  Asia. 

The  elephant,  camel,  yak,  and  zebu,  the  rhi- 
noceros and  tapir,  tiger  and  cheetah. 

8.  What  three  races  of  men  live  in  Asia  f 

The  Caucasian,  Mongolian,  and  Malay  races. 


Reading-Lesson    XLIV. 


CHINA  AND  JAPAN. 


Mi-ka'do 
Shang-hai'  (-/iD 


To'ki-o 
Yok-o-ha'ma 


The  Chinese  Empire  is  made  up  of  several 
Chinese  countrics,  but  the  most  interesting  of 
Empire.  thcsc  is  China  itself,  or,  as  the  Chi- 
nese call  it,  the  "Central  Flowery  Land." 


History. 


The  first  thing  to  be  noticed  about  China  is 
the   vast    number   of    human    beings 

Population. 

that  live  there.    The  number  of  people 

in  China  is  over  four  hundred  millions  ;  that  is, 

one-third  of  the  whole  human  family. 

China  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  civilized  na- 
tions. The  people  of  that  country 
had  invented  the  mariner's  compass, 
gunpowder,  and  the  art  of  printing  many  cen- 
turies before  these  became  known  in  Europe. 
But  we  cannot  say  that  the  Chinese  are  a  civil- 
ized people,  according  to  our  ideas.  -Their  way 
of  doing  things  and  thinking  about  things  is  the 
same  to-day  as  described  in  their  books  two 
thousand  years  ago. 

Two  thousand  years   ago  the  Chinese  built 

along    the    northern    border   of    their  chi 

country   the     "  Great    Wall."       It    is 

I  about  fifteen  hundred  miles  long,  from  fifteen 


iinese 
Wall. 


98 


China    and    Japan, 


The  Great  Wall  of  China. 


Progress. 


to  thirty  feet  high,  and  so  broad  that  six  horse- 
men may  ride  abreast  on  it.  This  Great  Wall 
was  built  to  guard  the  country  against  the  wild 
Tartar  tribes. 

Till  lately  the  Chinese  would  have  no  deal- 
ings with  the  rest  of  the  world  ;  but 
now  they  trade  with  the  "  outside  bar- 
barians." Many  of  them  have  come  over  to 
work  in  this  country,  and  most  pupils  who  live 
in  cities  have  seen  a  Chinaman. 

Most  of  the  people  of  China  are  engaged  in 
Rice  and  tilling  the  soil ;  and  as  they  are  so  very 
*^^-  numerous,  each  family  must,  of  course, 

occupy  a  very  small  patch  of  ground.  The  grain 
most  cultivated  is  rice.  This  is  the  great  food 
of  the  people,  as  bread  is  with  us.  The  national 
drink  is  tea,  and  both  plant  and  name  are  Chi- 
nese. The  culture  of  the  tea-plant  is  a  very 
large  and  important  business  in  China.  The  tea- 
plant  is  an  evergreen  shrub,  growing  five  or  six 
feet  high,  the  leaves  of  which  are  gathered,  and 
dried  in  shallow  pans  over  charcoal  fires. 


The  dress  of  the  common  peo- 
ple of  China  is  almost  cotton 
entirely  of  cotton  cloth,  andsiik. 
Hence  we  judge  that  the  cotton- 
plant  must  be  largely  grown  in 
China  ;  and  this  is  the  case.  But 
the  richer  classes  always  wear 
robes  of  silken  stuffs  ;  and  from 
this  we  may  judge  that  the  manu- 
facture of  silk  must  be  another 
important  business  in  China.  In 
fact,  the  art  of  rearing  silkworms, 
which  feed  on  mulberry-leaves, 
and  of  unraveling  the  threads  of 
cocoons,  was  first  practiced  by 
the  Chinese. 

The  Chinese  are  a  great  manu- 
facturing people,  if  we 
use  the  word  mamtfac- 
turins!'  in  its  first  sense  of  making 
by  hand,  for  almost  all  their  trades 
are  carried  on  in  this  way.  The  chief  exjDorts 
are  teas  and  silks,  nankeens,  laces,  porcelain 
and  lacquered  ware,  ivory-work,  fire-crackers, 
and  rattan. 

The  Chinese  have  many  manners   and    cus- 
toms that  seem  strange  to    us.     The  jy^nners 
men  shave  a  part  of  the  head,  and  wear  and 

.....  ,  •      1.    •^      customs. 

their  hair  in  a  long  queue,  or  pig-tail. 

They  take  off  their  shoes  instead  of  their  hats 


Exports. 


Chinese  School. 


when  they  go  into  a  house.  They  eat  with  two 
small  sticks,  instead  of  with  knives  and  forks. 
In  a  Chinese  book  you  begin  at  the  bottom  of 


China    and    Japan, 


99 


Manufacture  of  lea. 


Cities. 


Japan 
and  the 
Japanese. 


the  page,  and  read  upwards.  In  school,  Chinese 
scholars  recite  with  their  backs  turned  to  the 
teacher,  and  they  study  by  reading  aloud  at 
the  top  of  their  voices.  The  Chinese  educate 
the  boys,  but  not  the  girls.  They  wear  white 
for  mourning.  The  place  of  honor  is  on  the 
left  hand  instead  of  the  right.  A  Chinaman 
shakes  his  own  hand  instead  of  his  friend's. 
There  is  no  country  in  the  world  where  there 
are  so  many  large  cities  as  in  China. 
The  capital,  Peking,  has  nearly  as 
many  inhabitants  as  London.  Canton  and 
Shanghai  are  the  principal  seaports. 

Japan  is  a  very  interesting  country.  It  in- 
cludes several  large  and  many  small 
islands  north-east  of  China.  Although 
the  Japanese  live  so  near  the  Chinese, 
and  belong  to  the  same  race  (the  Mongolian), 
they  are  quite  a  different  people.  They  are  in- 
telligent, ingenious,  and  quick  to  learn.  They 
have  railroads,  steam-boats,  telegraphs,  and  ma- 
chinery. The  best  American  and  European 
engineers  and  teachers  have  been  invited  over, 
and  many  Japanese  young  men  are  every  year 
sent  to  be  educated  in  our  colleges. 

The  Japanese  are  skillful  and  diligent  tillers 
of  the  soil.  They  raise  rice,  cotton, 
tobacco,  tea,  and  all  kinds  of  fruits 
and  vegetables  suited  to  their  climate.  They 
excel  in  horticulture  and  landscape-gardening. 
They  are  also  much  engaged  in  the  fisheries, 
and  fish  is  with  them  the  chief  article  of  animal* 
food.      The  Japanese  manufacture  fine  porce- 


Trades. 


Japanese  Costumes. 

lain  and  lacquered  ware.  Their  silks  and  crapes 
are  beautifully  delicate.  They  are  skillful 
workers  in  steel  and  bronze,  and  make  a  great 
variety  of  paper  goods.  These  various  articles 
they  export. 

The  Japanese  dress  consists  of  one  or  more 
loose  gowns,  with  long  wide  sleeves,  Japanese 
and  fastened  at  the  waist  with  a  belt.  '''^• 
The  houses  are  low,  with  large  piazzas  and 
projecting  roofs.  The  people  have  no  chairs 
or  beds,  but  sit  on  straw  mats,  and  sleep  on 
rugs.  A  common  way  of  traveling  is  shown 
in  the  picture  below. 

The  capital  of  Japan  is  Tokio.  It  is  nearly 
as  large  as  New  York.  Here  is  the 
residence  of  the  Mikado,  as  the  em- 
peror of  Japan  is  called.  Yokohama  is  the  chief 
seaport  ;  it  is  connected  with  Tokio  by  a 
straight  road,  or  street,  seventeen  miles  long, 
lined  on  both  sides  with  tea-houses,  gardens, 
and  shops,  in  which  are  set  out  for  sale  all 
kinds  of  Japanese  wares. 


Cities. 


Traveling  in  Japan. 


lOO 


Indo-China,    Malaysia,    and^India, 


FOR  RECITATION. 

•  f 

1.  Hour  many  people  live  in  China  ? 

More  than  four  hundred  millions,  or  one-third 
of  the  whole  human  family. 

2.  What  is  their  chief  food  and  chief  drink  ? 

The  chief  food  is  rice,  and  the  chief  drink  tea. 

3.  What  are  the  principal  exports  of  China  ? 

The  principal  exports  are  teas  and  silks, 
nankeens,  laces,  porcelain,  lacquered  ware, 
ivory-work,  fire-crackers,  and  rattan. 

4.  Name  three  principal  cities. 

Peking,  which  is  the  capital ;  and  Canton  and 
Shanghai,  which  are  the  chief  seaports. 

5.  What  does  Japan  include? 

Japan  includes  several  large  and  many  small 
islands  north-east  of  China. 

6.  What  can  yoji  say  of  the  progress  of  the  Japanese  ? 
The  Japanese  have  made  great  progress  in 

recent  times,  and  are  a  civilized  people. 

7.  Name  the  principal  exports  of  Japan. 

They  are  porcelain,  lacquered  ware,  silks  and 
crape,  bronze  ware,  and  paper  goods. 

8.  Name  the  capital  and  chief  seaport. 

Tokio  is  the  capital ;  Yokohama  is  the  chief 
seaport. 


Chinese  Fishing. 


A  Street  in  Bankok. 


Reading-Lesson    XLV. 


INDO-CHINA,  MALAYSIA,  AND  INDIA. 


Af-ghan-is-tan' 
A -nam' 
Ban-kok' 
Bel-oo-chis-tan' 
Bom-bay' 


Cel'e-bes  (-6fe) 
Cey'lon  (.se') 
Phil'ip-pine  (,-pin) 
Sin-ga-pore' 
Su-ez' 


Animals. 


Indo-China  contains  three  kingdoms,  —  Bur- 
mah,  Siam,  and  Anam,  —  besides  sev-  indo- 
eral  small  states.  The  climate  is  very  ^hina. 
hot  and  moist ;  and  hence  all  the  tropical  plants 
grow  there,  such  as  palms,  rice,  tobacco,  the 
sugar-cane,  the  gutta-percha  tree,  sandal-wood,, 
bamboo,  and  many  kinds  of  spices. 

Indo-China  is  the  home  of  many  of  the  most 
noted  Asiatic  animals.  In  the  vast 
forests  are  found  wild  elephants,  fierce 
tigers,  enormous  serpents,  and  the  orang-outang. 
In  Siam  there  are  several  thousand  trained  ele- 
phants in  the  royal  army ;  and  whenever  a  white 
elephant  is  found  it  belongs  to  the  king. 

Bankok  is  the  largest  city  of  Indo-China.    Half 
of  the  people  live  on  floating  bamboo 
rafts,  arranged  like  streets.    Singapore, 
the  principal  seaport,  belongs  to  the  British. 

Malaysia  (so  called  because  it  is  the  chief 
home  of  the  Malay  race)  includes  the 
many  islands  between  south-eastern 
Asia  and  Australia.  The  four  largest  of  these 
islands  are  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Celebes,  and  Java. 
Several  European  nations  —  especially  Holland, 
Spain,  and  England  —  rule  over  most  of  the: 
islands. 


Cities. 


Malaysia. 


Indo-China,    Malaysia,    and    India, 


lOI 


Products. 


Elephant-Traveling  in  India. 

Spices  are  the  most  noted  product  of  Malay- 
sia. The  Moluccas  are  celebrated  for 
cloves  and  nutmegs ;  Sumatra  and 
Java  for  black  pepper,  ginger,  and  camphor. 
Java  is  noted  for  its  coffee  and  gutta-percha; 
the  Philippines,  for  tobacco.  Sugar,  cotton, 
rice,  sago,  and  indigo  are  cultivated  on  all  the 
islands.  Besides  these,  all  kinds  of  tropical 
trees,  plants,  and  fruits  grow  luxuriantly,  as 
bamboos,  the  india-rubber  tree,  the  camphor- 
tree,  the  mangrove-tree,  ferns,  magnolias,  ebony, 
teak,  sandal-wood,  and  hundreds  of  varieties  of 
cabinet  woods. 

British  India  includes  most  of  the  great  pe- 
British  ninsula  of  Hindostan,  parts  of  Indo- 
india.  China,  and  the  island  of  Ceylon.     The 

name  Hindostan  means  literally  the  land  of 
the  Hindoos.  The  Hindoos  are  a  people  of  a 
brownish-olive  complexion ;  but  they  are  not 
Mongolians :  they  belong  to  the  Caucasian 
race.  In  Hindostan  there  are  more  people 
than  in  any  other  country  in  the  world  except 
China,  —  five  times  as  many  as  in  the  United 
States. 

India  is  more  than  ten  times  as  large  as  the 
English  British  Isles,  and  contains  six  times 
'"'^-  as  many  people  ;    and  yet   it   is  ruled 

by  the  English.  A  long  time  ago  the  English 
began  trading  there,  and  little  by  little  they 
took  nearly  the  whole  of  it.  Now,  by  means  of 
a  small  army,  the  British  Governor-General 
keeps  the  whole  country  under  control.     The 


Products. 


, British  have  built  railroads  in  the  country,  and 
have  done  much  to  increase  trade. 

On  account  of  the  hot,  moist  climate,  the 
vegetable  productions  of  India  are  rich 
and  tropical.  We  find  there  the  im- 
mense banyan-tree,  palms  of  various  kinds,  such 
as  the  sago  and  the  cocoanut  palm,  the  fragrant 
sandal-wood,  the  bamboo,  the  teak,  and  the  var- 
nish trees.  The  soil  yields  cotton,  rice,  opium, 
sugar,  indigo,  the  mulberry-tree,  and  the  various 
spices.  The  grain  most  grown  is  rice,  which 
is  the  principal  food  of  the  common  people. 
Cotton  is  raised  here  more  largely  than  in  any 
country  except  the  United  States. 

The    Hindoos    make    fine    cotton,    silk,    and 
woolen  goods.      No  doubt   you   have  Manu- 
heard  of  the  famous  Cashmere  shawls  :  ^actures. 
these  are  woven  by  hand  from  the  wool  or  hair 
of  a  goat  found  in  the  Vale  of  Cashmere,  in  the 
Himalaya  Mountains. 

Bombay  is  the  great  commercial  city  of  India. 
To  this    port    come    the  French   and 
English  steamers  which  pass  through 
the  Suez  Canal.     Calcutta  is  the  residence  of 
the  British  Governor-General  of  India. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  are  the  three  principal  divisions  of  hido-China  ? 
They  are  Burmah,  Siam,  and  Anam. 

2.  What  does  this  region  produce  ? 

It  produces  all  kinds  of  tropical  plants. 

3.  Name  the  largest  city  and  largest  seaport. 
Bankok  is  the  largest  city ;    Singapore,   the 

largest  seaport,  belongs  to  the  British. 

4.  Name  the  four  largest  islands  of  Malaysia. 

They  are  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Celebes,  and  Java. 

5.  What  are  sofne  of  the  chief  products  of  Malaysia  ? 
They  are  spices,  coffee,  tobacco,  sugar,  cot- 
ton, indigo,  india-rubber,  and  cabinet  woods. 

6.  What  does  British  India  inchtde  ? 

It  includes  Hindostan,  parts  of  Indo-China, 
and  the  island  of  Ceylon. 


I02 


Other    Countries    of    Asia, 


Tartar  Life  on  the  Steppes 


1.   What  are  the  chief  products  ? 

They  are  cotton,  rice,  sugar,  opium,  and  spices. 
8.  Name  the  two  most  i?nportant  cities. 

Bombay  and  Calcutta. 


♦  » 


Reading-Lesson    XLVI. 


OTHER   COUNTRIES  OF  ASIA. 


A-lep'po 
Ar'ab 

Bed'ou-in  {-een) 
Eu-phra'tes  {-ttz) 


Me-di'na  (de) 
Mo'cha  {-ka) 
Phe-ni'cian 
Ti'gris 


In  the  central  part  of  Asia  is  Turkestan. 
Turkes-  Hcrc  arc  great  treeless  plains  covered 
tan.  with  grass,  and  called  steppes.     These 

are  inhabited  by  a  fierce  race  called  Tartars. 
They  live  in  tents,  and  go  from  place  to  place 
to  find  pasturage  for  their  horses,  camels,  sheep, 
and  goats.  In  the  parts  called  Afghanistan  and 
Beloochistan  the  Tartars  lead  a  somewhat  more 
settled  life. 

More  than  one  third  of  Asia  belongs  to  the 
Russian  Empire.  The  greater  portion 
of  Asiatic  Russia  is  called  Siberia,  and 
is  as   large  as    the   United    States.     It   is  im- 


Siberia. 


Persia. 


Arabia. 


portant  for  its  minerals  and  fine  furs.  The 
Russian  government  sends  every  year  several 
thousand  persons  who  have  broken  the  laws  as 
exiles  to  work  in  the  mines  of  Siberia. 

Persia,  at  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
was  the  strongest  nation  in  the  world  ; 
but  now  it  is  a  weak  country.  The 
Persians  are  skilled  in  the  manufacture  of  silk 
and  woolen  goods,  and  of  shawls  and  carpets. 
They  also  export  dried  fruits,  perfumes,  drugs, 
and  gums. 

Arabia  is  the  great  peninsula  lying  between 
the  Red  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf.  The 
interior  is  mostly  a  high  barren  plateau. 
The  most  fertile  parts  are  the  coast  valleys  and 
the  small  oases  of  the  deserts.  Arabia  is  divided 
among  different  states  and  tribes.  Most  of  the 
Arabs  have  settled  abodes  ;  others  are  wander- 
ing Bedouins,  each  under  its  own  ruler,  called 
a  sheik.  The  wealth  of  the  Bedouins  consists 
in  their  herds  of  horses  and  camels  and  their 
flocks  of  sheep. 

The  principal   exports  of  Arabia  are  coffee, 
gums,  spices,  horses,  and  pearls.    The 
finest    coffee   comes   from    a    seaport 
named  Mocha,  in  the  south-western  part. 

The  coast  of  Arabia  along  the  Red  Sea  be- 
longs  to   the   Turks.      Here   are   two    famous 


Exports. 


'^^x>^^ 


Tartar  Family  on  the  March. 


Other    Countries    of    Asia. 


103 


An  Arab  Sheik. 


cities,  —  Mecca  and  Medina.  In  Mecca  was 
The  holy  bom  Mohammcd,  who  lived  more  than 
places.  a^  thousand  years  ago,  and  who  wrote 
in  a  book  named  the  Koran  the  rules  of  a 
religion  called  Mohammedanism.  The  Persians, 
Arabs,  Turks,  and  several  other  peoples  in  Asia, 
follow  this  religion,  and  thousands  of  Moham- 
medans make  pilgrimages  to^ Mecca  every  year. 
Turkey  in  Asia  includes  otli^  countries,  and 
Turkey  amoug  them  some  of  the  most  interest- 
in  Asia.  jj^g  places  in  ancient  history.  Along 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  is  a  country  now 
called  Syria,  part  of  which  is  Palestine,  or  the 
Holy  Land.  Jerusalem  is  the  chief  city  ;  but  it 
is  not  now  like  the  city  of  David.  North  of 
Palestine  was  the  land  of  the  Phenicians,  who 
were  very  skillful  sailors,  and  who  invented 
the  alphabet.  On  the  banks  of  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates  are  the  ruins  of  Babylon  and  Nin- 
eveh,—  two  great  cities  of  which  you  may  read 
in  ancient  history. 

The  trade  of  Turkey  in  Asia  is  carried  on 
chiefly  with  England  and  other  Euro- 
pean countries,  from  various  ports  upon 
the  coasts  of  Asia  Minor  and  Syria.  With  the 
countries  to  the  eastward  of  Turkey,  trade  is 


Trade. 


carried  on  by  means  of  caravans  which  cross 
the  Syrian  and  Arabian  deserts.  The  cities  of 
Aleppo,  Damascus,  and  Bagdad  are  the  chief 
centers  of  caravan  traffic.  Smyrna  is  the  prin- 
cipal seaport  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  people  live  in  Turkestan  ? 

The  Tartars,  a  fierce  wandering  race. 

2.  IVhat  is  tJie  name  of  ilie  largest  Russian  territory  in 

Asia  ? 

Siberia. 

3.  What  articles  are  exported  from  Persia  ? 

Shawls  and   carpets,   dried   fruits,  perfumes, 
and  drugs. 

4.  What  articles  are  exported  from  Arabia  ? 
Coffee,  gum,  spices,  horses,  and  pearls. 

5.  What  famous  Mohammedan  cities  in  Arabia  P 
Mecca  and  Medina. 

6.  What  can  you  say  of  Mecca  ? 

Mecca  was  the  birth-place  of  Mohammed. 

7.  What  is  the  chief  seaport  of  Asiatic  Turkey  f 
Smyrna. 


Mohammedan  Priest  calling  to  Prayer. 


104 


from    "Washington       117 


General    Description, 


105 


AFRICA. 


coast?  What  mountains  in  the 
southern  part  of  Africa?  What 
mountain  -  range  south  -  west  of 
Soudan  ? 


African  Scenes 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 


Divisions. — What  five  countries  border  on  the 
Mediterranean  Sea?  What  desert  south  of  the  Bar- 
bary  States?  What  division  south  of  the  Sahara? 
What  country  south  of  Egypt?  What  colony  in  South 
Africa?  What  division  west  of  Upper  Guinea?  What 
large  island  east  of  Southern  Africa?  What  islands 
west  of  Africa? 

Coast. — What  is  the  most  eastern  cape?  Most 
southern  ?  What  cape  west  of  Cape  Agulhas  ?  Most 
western?  What  large  sea  on' the  north  of  Africa? 
Wliat  sea  on  the  north-east?  What  channel  between 
Africa  and  Madagascar?  What  large  gulf  on  the  west 
coast? 

Mountains.  — What  mountain-range  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Africa  ?     What  range  near  the  eastern 


Rivers. — What  great  river 
flows  northward  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea?  In  what  lake  does 
the  Nile  rise?  What  large  river 
flows  into  Mozambique  Channel  ? 
What  large  river  crosses  the  Equa- 
tor? What  is  the  largest  river 
flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Guinea? 
What  two  large  lakes  are  crossed 
by   the    Equator?     What    large 

lake  is  south  of  Albert  and  Victoria  Lakes  ?    What  lake 

west  of  Mozambique  ? 


♦  ♦ 


Reading-Lesson    XLVII. 


GENERAL   DESCRIPTION. 


g-nu  (nil) 
Kil-i-man-ja-ro' 

Ni'ger 


Sa-ha'-ra 
Zam-be'si  (se) 
ze'bra 


Africa  is  next  in  size  to  Asia,  but  there  is 
not  so  much  to  be  told  about  it  as  "The Dark 
about  the  other  grand  divisions,  be-  Continent." 
cause  it  has  no  great  civilized  nations.  It  has 
always  been  the  least-known  part  of  the  world, 
and  is  sometimes  called  "The  Dark  Continent." 
But  we  have  lately  learned  a  great  deal  about 
it  from  brave  explorers. 

More  than  one-fourth  part  of  Africa  is  desert. 
In  the  northern  part  is  the  Great 
Desert,  which  is  nearly  as  large  as  the 
whole  of  Europe.  It  is  called  by  the  Arabs 
Sahara,  which  means  "the  sea  without  water." 
It  is  the  most  parched,  sandy,  and  desolate  part 
of  the  world. 


Desert. 


io6 


General    Description. 


The  camel. 


It  would  not  be  possible  for  man  to  cross 
this  great  desert  without  the  aid  of 
the  camel,  well  named  the  "  ship  of 
the  desert."  There  are  often  no  other  traces 
of  a  path  across  the  sandy  waste  than  the 
whitened  bones  of  men  and  camels  that  have 
perished  along  the  great  caravan  routes  of 
travel,  from  thirst,  sand-storms,  or  sickness. 
The  oases  are  thickly  covered  with  date- 
palms,  which  offer  their  grateful  shade 
and  sweet  fruit  to  the  weary  caravans, 
while  the  clear  springs  afford  delicious  draughts 
of  water  to  thirsty  men  and  patient  camels. 


Oases. 


Lakes. 


several  ranges,  one  of  which  is  called  the  Moun- 
tains of  the  Moon.  In  these  mountains  is  the 
highest  peak  in  Africa.  It  is  called  Mount 
Kilimanjaro  ;  it  is  four  miles  high,  and,  though 
in  the  Torrid  Zone,  its  summit  is  white  with 
snow  all  the  year  round. 

Africa  has  several  lakes  said  to  be  as  large  as 
the  "  Great  Lakes  "  of  North  America. 
They  are  near  the  Equator,  and  have 
only  recently  been  explored  and  described. 

In    one  of   these  lakes,  called  Albert  Lake, 
rises  that  famous  river,  the  Nile.     For 
thousands  of  years  nobody  knew  where 

it    came   from,    and   its    true 

source  was  discovered  only 
very  lately.  The  Nile  flows 
through  a  long,  narrow  val- 
ley, where  there  is  no  rain  all 
the  year  round.  If  it  were  not 
for  this  river,  Egypt  would  be 
a  hot  and  arid  desert. 

There  are  three  other  im- 
portant rivers  in  Af-  othe 


The  Nile. 


ler 
rivers. 


Physical  Map  of  Africa. 

Most  of  the  chains  of  mountains  are  near  the 
coast.  In  the  north-west  are  the  At- 
las Mountains,  in  the  west  the  Kong 
Mountains,  and  in  the  south  the  Snow  Moun- 
tains.      Tn    the    East    African    mountains    are 


Mountains. 


rica,  —  the  Niger, 
the  Congo,  and  the  Zambesi. 
The  Congo,  wliich  has  only 
lately  been  explored,  is  now 
called  the  Livingstone,  after 
Dr.  Livingstone,  the  famous 
missionary  and  traveler,  who 
spent  many  years  in  the  in- 
terior of  Africa,  and  died 
there  while  making  his  ex- 
j^lorations. 

Africa  is  the  native  home 
of  some  of  the  largest 

°  Elephant. 

and  fiercest  of  the 
wild  animals.  Of  these  the 
hugest  is  the  elephant.  The 
African  differs  from  the  Asiatic  elephant  in  sev- 
eral ways,  but  especially  in  having  enormously 
large  cars.  Unlike  the  elephant  of  Asia,  the 
African  elephant  is  not  tamed  and  made  the 
servant  of  man.     He  is  hunted  and  killed  for 


General    Description, 


107 


Animals  of  Africa. 


the  sake  of  his  great  ivory  tusks,  which  are 
sold  at  a  high  price.  The  usual  way  of  taking 
the  animal  is  by  digging  a  deep,  covered  pit- 
fall, with  a  sharp  stake  set  up  at  the  bottom. 

The  hippopotamus  is  another  huge,  thick- 
Hippopota-  skinned  animal.  The  woid  means 
'""^-  rivcr-hojse,  and  the  beast  is  alwa3'S  in 

or  near  water.  It  is  a  fine  swimmer  and  diver, 
and  can  stay  under  water  quite  a  while.  At 
night-time,  the  hippopotamus,  leaving  its  hiding- 
place,  treads  its  way  into  the  cultivated  lands, 
and  does  great  harm  to  the  crops.  There  are 
various  'ways  of  hunting  this  mischievous  but 
valuable  animal.  One  way  is  by  digging  pit- 
falls ;  another  is  by  attacking  it  in  the  water 
with  a  kind  of  harpoon.  The  fat  and  flesh  are 
much  relished  as  food,  the  hide  is  useful  for  the 
manufacture  of  whips  and  other  articles,  and 
the  teeth  furnish  the  whitest  ivory. 


Rhinoceros. 


The  name  "rhinoceros,"  which  means  nose- 
horn,  calls  attention  to  the  curious 
horns  that  project  from  the  nose  of 
this  animal.  They  are,  however,  not  true  horns, 
but  simply  growths  of  the  skin.  The  rhinoceros, 
when  full  grown,  is  over  five  feet  high.  The 
skin  is  so  thick  that  the  beast  can  not  be  killed 
by  an  ordinary  leaden  bullet,  and  this  tough 
hide  is  used  by  the  natives  to  make  whips  and 
war-shields. 

The?  lion,  the  grandest  creature  of   the  cat- 
tribe,  is  found  both  in   North  Africa 

Lion. 

and  South  Africa.     When  fully  grown, 
the  male  lion  measures  about   eleven  feet  in 
length,  and  four  feet  in  height  at  the  shoulder. 
The  giraffe,  the   tallest  of   beasts,  is    found 
only  in  Africa.      It  is  from  eighteen  to 
twenty  feet  high,  and  this  great  height 
I  helps  it  reach  the  leaves  of  trees  on  which  it 


Giraffe. 


io8 


Northern    Africa. 


feeds.  It  is  a  gentle  and  playful 
animal,  and  is  hunted  for  its  flesh, 
and  for  its  strong,  thick  hide,  used 
for  making  shoe-soles,  shields,  etc. 
The  zebra,  with  its  creamy  white 
Zebra  and  skin,  regularly  marked 
gnu.  ^j|-]^   black   stripes,  is  a 

most  beautiful  animal.     It  is  mild 
and  timid,  but  hard  to  tame.     A 
strange  animal  is   the  gnu.     When  first  seen, 
you  are  in  doubt  whether  it  is  a  horse,  a  bull,  or 
an    antelope  ;*  but   it   is,    in   fact,  one   of    the 
antelopes. 

The  ostrich,  the  largest  of  birds,  lives  in  the 
hot,  sandy  deserts  of  Africa,  feeding 
principally  on  wild  melons,  which  grow 
there.  It  is  valued  chiefly  on  account  of  its 
beautiful  plumes. 

The  gorilla  is  a  large  ape  which  lives  in  the 
thick  jungles  in  the  western  part  of 
Africa.  It  is  as  big  as  a  man,  and 
much  stronger.  It  is  so  ferocious  that  the  na- 
tives fear  it  even  more  than  they  fear  the  lion. 
Hidden  among  the  thick  branches  of  the  forest 
trees,  it  will  watch  for  a  negro  to  pass  by.  It 
then  lets  down  its  terrible  hind  foot,  grasps 
the  man  round  the  neck,  lifts  him  up,  and  drops 
him  dead  on  the  ground. 

FOB  RECITATION. 


Ostrich. 


Gorilla. 


1.  What  is  to  be  remarked  about  Africa  ? 

It  is  the  least  known  of  the  grand  divisions, 
and  is  the  home  of  no  great  civilized  people. 

2.  Hoiv  much  of  Africa  is  desert? 

More  than  one-fourth.  ^ 

3.  Where  are  most  of  the  mountain-chains  ? 
They  are  near  the  coast. 

4.  What  of  the  lakes  of  Africa  ? 

Africa  has   several   large   lakes,  said    to   be 
equal  in  size  to  our  "Great  Lakes." 

5.  Where  is  the  source  of  the  Nile  ? 

In  one  of  these  lakes,  called  Albert  Lake. 


Egyptian  Flowing. 

6.  Name  three  other  large  rivers. 

The  Niger,  Livingstone,  and  Zambesi. 

7.  What  are  some  of  the  principal  wild  animals  of 

Africa  ? 

The  elephant,  hippopotamus,  rhinoceros,  lion, 
giraffe,  zebra,  gnu,  ostrich,  and  gorilla. 


Reading-Lesson    XLVIII. 


NORTHERN    AFRrCA. 


Al-ex-an'dri-a 
Al-giers'  ( -jtrz') 


Trip'o-li 
Tu'nis 


Egypt  is  the  oldest  nation  of  which  we  have 
any  history.     The  Egyptians  were   a  Ancient 
highly  civilized  people  four  thousand  ^gypt. 
years  ago.      They  built  the  grandest   temples 
ever  raised  by  man,  and  the  Pyramids,  which 
are  still  the  wonder  of  the  world. 

The  Nile,  fed  by  rains  from  the  mountains  of 
Abyssinia,  rises  every  summer,    and, 
overflowing  its  banks  for  two  or  three 
months,  leaves  on  the  surface  a  deposit  of  very 
fertile  soil.     The  Egyptians  are  principally  en- 
gaged in  cultivating  the  Nile  valley. 

They  raise  wheat,  barley,  maize,  rice,  cotton, 
and    dates.       The    chief    exports    are  products 
cotton,    rice,    and    wheat ;    and    large  and 
quantities  of  gold-dust,  ivory,  ostrich- 
feathers,  etc.,  are  brought  from  the  interior  of 
Africa  to  be  sent  to  Europe  by  way  of  Egypt. 
Alexandria  is  the  largest  seaport. 


exports. 


Soudan  and  the  Coast  Settlements. 


109 


a  wall,  and  having  low,  flat- 
roofed    houses,    built   ,, 

'  Morocco 

m       with  courts  and  gar-  and 
dens  in    the    center.      ^^"^' 
j/v    Algeria  belongs  to   France ; 
-S  and    the    principal    city,  Al- 
giers, is    an    important    sea- 
port. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


Suez  Canal. 


Most  of  the  Egyptians  belong 
to  the  Arab  race.  We 
see  the  men,  grave-look- 
ing and  bearded,  wear- 
ing turbans  and  long  loose  robes  ; 
we  see  the  ladies  with  their  faces 
muffled,  riding  on  the  backs  of 
donkeys  ;  we  see  the  mosques  and  bazaars  ;  we 
see  also  the  streets  lined  with  little  shops, 
where  the  merchants  sit  on  cushions,  with 
their  goods  arranged  on  shelves  behind  them. 
The  Suez  Canal  is  a  large  ship-canal,  which 
in  1869  was  dug  across  the  Isthmus 
of  Suez.  It  is  eighty-five  miles  long, 
and  forms  a  channel  between  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  Red  Sea ;  so  that  now  vessels  may  sail 
from  Europe  to  the  East  Indies  by  a  much 
shorter  way  than  by  going  all  around  Africa. 

Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli  are 
Barbary  Called  the  "  Barbary  States."  The  prin- 
states.  cipal  productions  of  these  countries 
are  wool,  gum,  bees-wax,  dates,  olive-oil,  and 
goat-skins.  These  are  exported,  as  are  also 
ivory,  gold-dust,  and  ostrich-feathers  brought 
from  the  interior  of  Africa..  A  very  valuable 
leather,  called  "morocco  leather,"  is  prepared 
from  the  skin  of  the  native  goats. 

Morocco  is  the  largest  of  these  countries. 
It  is  ruled  by  a  sultan.  The  largest  place  is 
Morocco,  an  old  Moorish  town,  surrounded  by 


Scenes  in  Cairo 


1.  IVItat  is  the  principal  occupa- 
tion of  tlie  Egyptians  ? 

Agriculture. 

2.  A^avie  the  principal  exports. 
They  are  cotton,  rice,  and 

wheat. 

3.  What  is  the  largest  seaport  ? 
Alexandria. 

4.  What    7vaters  does    the    Suez 
Canal  Join  ? 

It  joins  the  Mediterranean  with  the  Red  Sea. 
Name  the  Barbary  States. 

The    Barbary  States    are    Morocco,  Algeria, 
Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 


♦  ♦ 


Reading-Lesson    XLIX. 


SOUDAN   AND  THE  COAST   SETTLEMENTS. 


Si-er'ra  Le-o'ne 
Sou-dan' 


Trans-vaal' 
Zu'lu  {zoo'loo) 


Soudan. 


Why  do  men  risk  their  lives  in  crossing  the 
Great  Desert  in  caravans }  For  the 
sake  of  gain.  In  the  middle  part  of 
Africa  is  a  region  called  Soudan,  in  which  live 
many  millions  of  people.  It  stretches  from 
the  Sahara  southward  to  the  Equator,  and  is 
almost  as  large  as  our  own  country.  It  has  a 
tropical  climate,  abundant  rains,  a  fertile  soil, 
and  many  valuable  and  useful  productions.  It 
is  to  obtain  these  products  that  the  caravans 
cross  the  Great  Desert. 


no 


Soudan  and  the  Coast  Settlements. 


Its  people. 


The  negroes  of  Soudan  are  partly  civilized. 
They  live  in  villages,  and  have  settled 
habits.  They  cultivate  their  fields, 
weave  cotton  cloth,  and  dye  it  with  bright 
colors  ;  and  they  make  some  iron  weapons,  and 


%)\.#A^^7> 


Great  War-Canoe  on  the  Livingstono  Eiver. 

tools,  and  rude  pottery.  They  live  on  the 
manioc-root,  rice,  millet,  yams,  the  fruit  of 
the  palms,  and  what  is  yielded  by  their  flocks. 
Many  of  their  towns  are  of  considerable  size. 
The  commercial  products  are  gold-dust,  ivory, 
and  ostrich-feathers,  together  with  slaves. 

Not  much  is  known  of  Central  Africa  south 
Cannibal  of  the  Equator.  It  is  inhabited  by 
land.  fierce,  savage  tribes,  vv^ho  are  often  at 

war  with  one  another.  Some  of  them  are 
cannibals. 

In  South  Africa  are  several  interesting  native 
races.  The  Hottentots,  who  live  in 
Cape  Colony,  speak  a  curious  language, 
full  of  clicking  sounds.  The  Caffres  live  in 
Caffraria.  The  men  are  strong  and  well-built, 
and  the  women  quite  good  looking.  They  put 
great  faith  in  charm-doctors,  rain-makers,  and 


South 
Africa, 


prophets.  The  Zulus  are  a  handsomer  race 
than  the  negroes  generally.  In  color  they  are 
like  the  Indians  of  North  America.  Dr.  Living- 
stone tells  us  that  they  are  noted  for  their 
honesty  and  hospitality. 

Most  of  the  colonies  of  South  Africa  belong 
to  the  British.  Cape  Town  is  the  colonies, 
principal  city.  The  Transvaal  Re-  ^"=- 
public  and  the  Orange  River  Republic  are  small 
states  founded  by  the  Dutch  Boers.  Many 
diamonds  have  been  found  in  the  diggings  near 
the  Orange  and  Neal  Rivers. 

Liberia,  on  the  west  coast,  is  settled  by  ne- 
groes  from    the    United    States,    and 

°  .    .  '        r        West  coast. 

Sierra  Leone  is   a  British  colony  for 
negroes  rescued  from  slave-ships.     Several  Eu- 
ropean nations  have  trading-stations  along  the 
west  coast  of  Africa. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  great  region  is  south  of  the  Sahara  f 
Soudan. 

2.  What  can  you  say  of  it? 

It  has  a  tropical  climate,  abundant  rains,  a 
fertile  soil,  and  many  valuable  productions. 

3.  What  of  the  negroes  of  Soudan  ? 
They  are  partly  civilized. 

4.  What  are  the  chief  products  ? 
Gold-dust,  ivory,  and  ostrich-feathers. 

5.  Name  some  of  the  races  of  South  Africa. 
The  Hottentots,  Caffres,  and  Zulus. 

6.  To  what  natioji   do  uiost  of  the  colonies  of  Scuth 

Africa  belong? 
To  the  British. 


caravan  and  Oasis. 


Questions    on    the    Map, 


I II 


OCEANICA. 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP. 


How  many  great  groups  of  islands  in  Oceanica?  Ans. 
Malaysia,  Australasia,  and  Polynesia.  What  oceans  and 
tvhat  sea  surround  Oceanica  ?  Which  group  is  nearest 
Asia?  What  sea  between  Asia  and  Malaysia?  What 
Dcean  west  of  Australasia?  Name  the  largest  island  of" 
Australasia.  Is  Australia  in  the  Northern  or  Southern 
Hemisphere  ?  What  gulf  in  the  northern  part  of  Aus- 
tralia? Name  one  river  and  its  tributary  in  the  southern 
part.      Locate    Sydney;    Melbourne.     What   seaport   in 


the  south-western  part  ?  What  large  island  north  of 
Australia?  What  strait  between  these  two  islands? 
What  island  south  of  Australia?  Name  its  capital. 
How  many  islands  in  New  Zealand,  and  where  are  they  ? 
Name  the  capital.  To  what  country  do  Tasmania  and 
New  Zealand  belong?  Ans.  To  Great  Britain.  Name 
the  principal  groups  of  islands  in  Polynesia.  Which  is 
the  most  north-easterly  group  ?  Name  the  capital  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands. 


I 


^ 


Australia. 


History. 


Animals,  Products,  and  Customs  of 
Oceanica. 


Reading-Lesson    L. 


GENERAL    DESCRIPTION. 


Hawaii  (hdwl'ee) 
Ho-no-lu'lu  (.-loo'loo) 
Kil-au'e-a 
Mau'na  Lo'a 


Melbourne  {-hum) 
Pap'u-a  {-oo-a) 
Pol-y-ne'si-a  {-sH-a) 
Tas-ma'ni-a  (tos-) 


Oceanica. 


On  the  map  just  studied  we  see  three  great 
groups  of  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
These  are  called  Oceanica,  which  means 
the  great  island-world  in  the  ocean.  These 
islands  number  several  thousands.  Each  of 
the  three  groups  is  called  by  a  separate  name. 
Thus  in  the  north-west  we  see  Malaysia,  about 
which  we  learned  something  when  studying 
about    Asia.     In  the  central    part  we  see  the 


group  called  Australasia,   and   in   the  eastern 
part  Polynesia. 

In    Australasia    the    largest    island    is    Aus- 
tralia.    This    island    is  so  very  large 
that  it  is  sometimes  called  a  continent. 
It  is  occupied  by  several  British  colonies. 

Australia  was  discovered  nearly  three  hun- 
dred years  ago  by  the  Dutch,  who 
called  it  by  the  name  of  New  Holland. 
Captain  Cook,  the  great  English  navigator, 
visited  it  about  one  hundred  years  ago,  anil 
shortly  afterwards  the  English  began  to  use  it 
as  a  place  to  which  they  might  send  persons 
guilty  of  crimes.  But  as  more  and  more  free 
settlers  made  their  homes  in  Australia,  the 
English  at  last  gave  up  sending  convicts  to  this 
country.  In  1851  gold  was  discovered  here, 
and  thousands  of  persons  rushed  to  the  mines, 
and  the  rapid  growth  of  Australia  then  began. 

There  are  no  large  animals  native    to  Aus- 
tralia,   but    quite   a   number   of    very 


Animals. 


N. 


curious  creatures.  Among  these  are 
the  pouched  animals,  of  which  the  kangaroo  is 
the  best  known  kind,  and  the  duck-bill,  a  very 
odd  animal,  with  a  body  like  an  otter,  but  with 
webbed  feet,  and  a  bill  like  a  duck.  Other  in- 
teresting animals  are  the  emu,  or  cassowary,' 
which  is  like  the  ostrich  of  Africa ;  black 
swans ;  white  eagles ;  the  lyre-bird,  so  called 
because  it  has  a  tail  like  a  lyre ;  and  lastly,  the 
beautiful  bird-of-paradise. 

Australia  is  rich    in    gold,  of   which  it   pro- 


General    Description. 


113 


'rade. 


luces  more  than  any  other  country  except  our 
own.  It  is  also  a  good  farming  coun- 
try, and  is  especially  fitted  for  sheep- 
aising.  Australia  produces  more  wool  than 
.ny  other  country,  and  large  quantities  of 
vhesLt  and  cotton. 

Trade  is  carried  on  principally  with  Great 
Britain.  Australia  exports  gold,  cop- 
per, wool,  hides,  and  preserved  meats, 
.nd  receives  in  exchange  the  cotton  and  woolen 
^oods,  iron  and  hardware,  of  England.  It  has 
.  line  of  steamships  communicating  with  San 
^ran Cisco,  and  a  line  with  England  by  way  of 
'anama  and  New  York.  Melbourne  and  Syd- 
ley  are  the  largest  cities  in  Australia. 

Tasmania  and  New  Zealand  are  other  British 
(ther  colonies.     Agriculture  and  sheep-rais- 

iiands.  jj^g  ^j-g  carried  on  in  both.  New 
juinea,  sometimes  called  Papua,  is,  next  to 
Australia,  the  largest  island  on  the  globe. 
rhe  natives  are  a  black-colored  race.  These 
slands  are  all  in  Australasia. 

Polynesia  means  many  islands,  and  the  name 
is  a  good  one,  .'or  in  this  division  are 
almost  countless  islands,  or  clusters 
>f  islands.  Some  of  the  islands  are  volcanic, 
tthers  ?re  coral  islands.  The  people  of  Poly- 
lesia  are  light-colored  tribes  belonging  to  the 
vlalay  race.  Many  of  them  have  been  con- 
'^erted  to  Christianity  by  the  labors  of  Ameri- 
:an  and  English  missionaries. 

The  cocoa-nut  palm  is  found  all  over  Poly- 
jature's      ncsia,  and  is  of   the  greatest    use   to 


'olynesia. 


ood. 


the  inhabitants.  It  needs  no  culture, 
)runing,  or  attention  of  any  kind,  while  it  is 
he  staff  of  life  to  the  islanders.  They  repose 
jeneath  its  shade,  eat  its  fruit,  and  find  a  bev- 
erage in  the  milk  of  the  nut.  Their  huts  are 
hatched  with  the  leaf-stalks,  of  which  also 
:hey  make  baskets  for  catching  fish,  while  the 
eaves  furnish  bonnets,  and  the  leaflets  fans. 
Hardly  less  important  is  the  bread-fruit  tree, 
;he  fruit  of  which  supplies  a  nourishing  and 
Dleasant  food. 


The  Sandwich  Islands  form  the  most  inter- 
esting of  the  Polynesian  groups.  For  sandwich 
many  years  past  the  Sandwich-Island-  islands, 
ers  have  been  civilized.  They  have  convenient 
towns,  roads,  a  small  fleet,  a  written  language, 
and  export  sandal-wood,  coffee,  sugar,  oil,  etc. 
Honolulu  is  the  capital.  Steamers  and  whale- 
ships  stop  there  for  supplies.  In  the  island  of 
Hawaii  is  the  m^st  wonderful  volcanic  moun- 
tain in  the  world.  It  is  called  Mauna  Loa 
(meaning  "high  mountain"),  and  is  nearly 
fourteen  thousand  feet  high.  It  has  many 
craters  on  the  sides  and  near  the  summit. 
One  of  these,  named  Kilauea,  is  nine  miles  in 
circumference.  From  these  craters  lava  fre- 
quently shoots  up  in  great  columns  hundreds  of 
feet  high. 

FOR  RECITATION. 


1.  What  are  the  three  great  groups  of  islands  in  Oceanica  ? 
They  are  Malaysia,  Australasia,  and  Polynesia. 

2.  What  of  Australia? 

It  is  the  largest  island  in  the  world,  and  is 
sometimes  called  a  continent, 

3.  By  whom  is  it  occupied? 

By  several  British  colonies. 

4.  What  are  the  chief  exports? 

They   are   gold,  copper,  wheat,  wool,  hides, 
and  preserved  meats. 

5.  What  other  two  laige  islands  in  Australasia  ? 
Tasmania  and  New  Zealand,  which  are  Brit- 
ish colonies. 

6.  What  is  Polynesia  ? 

It  is  the  many  islands  and  clusters  of  islands 
east  of  Australasia. 

7.  What  is  the  most  ititeresting  group  in  Polynesia  f 
The  Sandwich  Islands. 

8.  What  is  the  capital? 

The  capital  is  Honolulu. 

9.  What  great  volcano  in  these  islanas  ? 

The  volcano  of  Mauna  Lo?,,  in  the  island  of 
Hawaii. 


114 


»-IRCLES     AND      JLINES. 


CIRCLES  AND    LINES   ON    GLOBES   AND    MAPS. 


Taking  the  Longitude  at  Sea. 


1.  Circles  and 
Lines. — The  Equator, 
the  tropics  and  polar 
circles,  and  the  parallels 
and  meridians,  are  circles 
or  lines  drawn  on  globes 
and  maps.   {Sec  map,  p.  id.) 

Note.  —  The  earth 
seems  to  stand  still,  but  it 
has  two  motions.  If  you 
pass  a  wire  through  an 
apple,  and  move  it  round  on  the  wire  from  west  to  east, 
you  will  imitate  the  daily  motion  of  the  earth,  which 
produces  day  and  night.  The  wire  represents  the  Axis 
of  the  earth,  the  difference  being  that  the  axis  turns  with 
the  earth.  The  end  of  the  axis  at  the  north  is  called 
the  North  Pole,  the  other  end,  the  South  Pole.  Now 
move  the  apple  around  the  edge  of  a  circular  table  hav- 
mg  a  lamp  in  the  center,  and  you  will  imitate  the  yearly 
motion  of  the  earth  around  the  sun,  which  produces  the 
changes  of  the  seasons. 

2.  The  Equator  is  a  circle  imagined  to  pass 
around  the  earth,  equally  distant  from  each  pole. 

3.  It  represents  the  earth  divided  into  a  northern 
and  a  southern  hemisphere. 

4.  The  tropics  and  the  polar  circles  show  the 
boundaries  of  the  five  zones.  The  five  zones  are  the 
Torrid  Zone,  the  North  Temperate  Zone,  the  South 
Temperate  Zone,  the  North  Frigid  Zone,  and  the 
South  Frigid  Zone. 

6.  The  tropics  are  the  two  circles  that  bound  the 
Torrid  Zone. 

6.  Their  names.  —  The  northern  tropic  is  called 
the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  and  the  southern  tropic,  the 
Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

7.  The  polar  circles  are  the  two  circles  that 
separate  the  Temperate  from  the  Frigid  zones. 

8.  Their  names. — The  northern  polar  circle  is 
called  the  Arctic  Circle  ;  the  southern,  the  Antarctic 
Circle. 

9.  The  parallels  and  meridians  show  the  situa- 
tion of  places  on  the  earth's  surface. 

10.  The  parallels  show  the  latitude  oi  a  place,  or 
its  distance  north  or  south  from  the  Equator. 


11.  Latitude   is    reckoned   by  distances  called 


Parallels  of  Latitude. 

degrees,  thus :  north  latitude  from  the  Equator,  where 
the  latitude  is  zero,  to  the  North  Pole,  where  the  lati- 
tude is  ninety  degrees  north ;  south  latitude,  from  the 
Equator  to  the  South  Pole,  where  the  latitude  is  ninety 
degrees  south. 

12.  The  meridians  show  the  longitude  of  a  place, 
or  its  distance  east  or  west  from  some  fixed  point, 
called  the  "  first  meridian." 

Note.  —  The  "first  meridians"  most  used  on 
are  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  Observatory,  near 
don,  and  that  of  the  Naval  Observatory  in  Washingtc 

13.  Longitude  is  reckoned  from  the  first  meril 


maps 


Meridians  of  Longitude. 

ian,  both    eastward   and   westward  one  hundred  and 
eighty  degrees,  or  half-way  around  the  earth. 

Note.  —  The  length  of  a  degree  of  longitude  is  nearly 
seventy  miles  at  the  Equator,  but  the  degrees  constantly 
lessen  towards  each  pole,  where  they  have  no  length. 


Topical    Questions    for    Review. 


115 


TOPICAL   QUESTIONS    FOR   GENERAL    REVIEW. 


Mathematical.  —  What  is  the  shape  of  the  earth?  What 
is  its  size?  What  is  the  Equator?  Into  which  hemispheres 
does  the  Equator  divide  the  earth's  surface  ?  What  is  the 
North  Pole  ?  The  South  Pole  ?  Name  the  tropics.  Name  the 
polar  :ircles.  What  do  the  tropics  and  polar  circles  show? 
How  many  zones  are  there  ?  Between  what  circles  is  the 
Torrid  Zone  ?  The  North  Temperate  Zone  ?  The  South  Tem- 
perate Zone  ?  Where  is  the  North  Frigid  Zone?  The  South 
Frigid  Zone  ?  How  is  the  situation  of  places  shown  on  maps 
and  globes?  How  many  degrees  of  latitude  between  the 
Equator  and  the  North  Pole  ?  Between  the  Equator  and  the 
South  Pole  ?     How  is  longitude  reckoned  ? 

Physical.  —  How  much  land  and  how  much  water  on  the 
earth's  surface  ?  Name  the  two  continents.  Name  the  grand 
divisions  in  the  Eastern  Continent.  In  the  Western  Continent. 
What  island  continent  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  ?  Name 
the  oceans.  Define  island.  Peninsula.  Cape.  Isthmus. 
Mountain.  Valley.  Plain.  Plateau.  Mountain-range.  Define 
sea,  gulf,  or  bay.  Strait.  Lake.  River.  To  which  water  divis- 
ion does  a  peninsula  correspond?     An  isthmus  ?     An  island  ? 

What  sea  west  of  North  America  ?  North  of  South  America  ? 
Between  Europe  and  Africa?  Between  Arabia  and  India? 
Between  China  and  Japan?  What  gulf  south  of  the  United 
States?  West  of  Newfoundland?  What  bay  west  of  Green- 
land? In  Canada?  North  of  Spain?  South  of  Asia?  North 
of  Australia  ?  What  strait  between  South  America  and  Tierra 
delFuego?  Between  North  America  and  Asia?  What  strait 
connects  the  Atlantic  Ocean  with  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 
What  is  the  most  easterly  cape  of  North  America?  The  most 
westerly  ?  Name  three  capes  on  the  coast  of  the  United  States. 
What  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  South  America  ?  Of 
Africa?  The  most  northerly  cape  in  Europe  ?  In  Asia?  W^hat 
isthmus  joins  North  and  South  America?     Asia  and  Africa  ? 

What  is  the  longest  river  in  the  world?  Name  four  other 
great  rivers  of  North  America.  Which  is  the  largest  river  in 
the  world  ?  Name  two  other  great  rivers  in  South  America. 
Which  is  the  longest  river  in  Europe  ?  Name  three  other  great 
rivers  of  Europe.  Name  a  famous  river  of  England.  Of 
France.  Of  Germany.  Name  the  two  chief  rivers  of  India. 
Of  China.  Name  the  three  largest  rivers  of  Africa.  Name 
the  "  Great  Lakes "  of  North  America.  Name  the  largest 
lakes  in  Europe.     In  Asia.     In  Africa. 

WHiat  is  climate?  Name  the  zones  of  climate.  In  which 
zone  is  the  United  States  ?  In  which  zone  or  zones  is  Great 
Britain?  France?  Germany?  China?  Japan?  Greenland? 
Tierra  del  Fuego  ?  Australia?  Hindostan  ?  Egypt?  Mexico? 
Brazil?     Chili?     Iceland?     Canada-?     West  Indies  ? 

Grand  Divisions.  —  How  does  North  America  compare 
in  size  with  the  other  grand  divisions?  Which  is  the  smallest 
grand  division  ?  The  largest  ?  What  ocean  separates  Europe 
from  North  America?  South  America  from  Africa?  Asia 
from  North  America?  Which  grand  divisions  are  wholly  in 
the  northern  hemisphere  ?     Which  are  in  two  hemispheres  ? 


Countries.  —  Name  the  countries  of  North  America.  Bound 
each.  Name  the  countries  of  the  Andes  region.  What  large 
country  in  the  eastern  part  of  South  America?  What  country 
in  the  llanos?  What  countries  in  the  pampas?  What  country 
occupies  the  British  Isles?  What  country  occupies  about  one- 
half  of  Europe?  What  countries  in  the  three  peninsulas  of 
Southern  Europe?  Bound  France.  What  country  east  of 
France  ?  South-east  of  Germany  ?  To  what  nation  does  the 
northern  half  of  Asia  belong  ?  To  what  nation  does  India 
belong?  Australia?  Canada?  What  nation  has  countries  at 
the  meeting-point  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa?  What  country 
occupies  the  eastern  part  of  Asia?  What  island-kingdom  east 
of  China?  Name  the  Barbary  States.  What  country  occupies 
the  Nile  Valley? 

Which  is  the  most  populous  country  on  the  globe  ?  To  what 
race  do  the  Chinese  belong?  Which  is  the  next  most  populous 
country  in  the  world  ?  To  which  race  do  the  Hindoos  belong  ? 
What  is  the  population  of  the  United  States?  Of  the  British 
Isles  ? 

Name  all  the  republics  of  North  America.  What  kingdom 
in  South  America?  What  three  colonies?  What  is  the 
government  of  all  the  other  South-American  countries?  What 
is  the  largest  republic  in  Europe  ?  The  smallest?  What  form 
of  government  has  Great  Britain  ?     Russia  ? 

Productions  and  Commerce.  —  What  are  the  principal 
exports  of  New  England  ?  In  which  section  is  most  of  the 
foreign  commerce  of  the  United  States  carried  on?  Name  the 
leading  productions  of  the  Southern  States.  Of  the  Central 
States.  Which  states  produce  coal?  Iron?  Lead?  Copper? 
Zinc?  Silver?  Gold?  Lumber?  Sugar?  Tobacco?  Rice? 
Cotton?  Wine?  What  articles  does  your  state  export ?  From 
what  countries  do  we  obtain  sugar?  Tea?  Coffee?  Spices? 
India-rubber  ?  Tropical  fruits  ?  Wines  ?  Tobacco  ?  Name 
the  chief  exports  of  Mexico.  Of  Central  America.  Of  the 
West  Indies.  Of  South  America.  Name  the  principal  manu- 
factured articles  of  Great  Britain.  Of  France.  What  are  the 
principal  products  of  Germany?  Of  Austria?  Of  Italy?  What 
are  the  chief  exports  of  Spain  ?  Of  Portugal  ?  Of  Turkey  ? 
Of  China?  Of  Japan?  Name  the  products  of  India.  Of  Indo- 
China.  Of  Arabia.  Of  Egypt.  Of  Soudan.  Of  Australia. 
Of  Malaysia. 

Cities  and  Seaports.  —  What  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
world?  Which  European  city  is  second  in  size?  What  is  the 
largest  city  of  China?  Of  America?  Of  South  America? 
Name  two  cities  of  Europe  as  large  as  New  York. 

What  are  the  three  chief  seaports  on  the  east  coast  of  the 
United  States?  What  is  the  chief  seaport  on  the  west  coast? 
What  is  the  great  English  seaport  for  trade  with  our  country? 
Name  two  seaports  in  France.  One  in  the  Netherlands.  Two 
in  Germany.  Two  in  Russia.  One  in  Portugal.  One  in 
Turkey.  One  in  Egypt.  Two  in  India.  Two  in  China.  One 
in  Japan.  One  in  Indo-China.  Two  in  Australia.  One  in 
Brazil.     One  in  Uruguay. 


ii6 


lABLES      OF      rOPULATION. 


TABLES    OF    POPULATION 


CITIES  (EXCLUSIVE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES)  OF  OVER  150,000  POPULATION, 


Alexandria,  Egypt      .     . 

212,000 

Calcutta,  Hindostan 

616,000 

Amoy,  China     .... 

200,000 

Canton,  China  .     .     . 

1,000,000 

Amsterdam,  Netherlands 

290,000 

Constantinople,  Turkey 

500,000 

Bankok,  Indo-Cliina  .     . 

500,000 

Copenhagen,  Denmark 

180,000 

Barcelona,  Spain    .     .     . 

180,000 

Delhi,  Hindostan  .     . 

152,000 

Belfast,  Ireland      .     .     . 

174,000 

Dresden,  Germany 

197,000 

Benares,  Hindostan   .     . 

200,000 

Dublin,  Ireland 

314,000 

Berlin,  Germany    .     .     . 

1 ,000,000 

Edinburgh,  Scotland 

218,000 

Birmingham,  England    . 

377,000 

Florence,  Italy  .     . 

167,000 

Bombay,  Hindostan  .     . 

650,000 

Foo  Chow,  China  . 

600,000 

Bordeaux,  France       .     . 

215,000 

Glasgow,  Scotland 

556,000 

Bradford,  England     .     . 

173,000 

Hamburg,  Germany 

345,000 

Breslau,  Germany.     .  «. 

239,000 

Hang  Chow,  China 

800,000 

Bristol,  England    .     .     . 

199,000 

Havana,  West  Indies 

220,000 

Brussels,  Belgium      .     . 

375,000 

Hyderabad,  Hindostan 

400,000 

Bucharest,  Roumania     . 

220,000 

Kioto,  Japan      .     .     . 

300,000 

Buda-Pesth,  Austria  .     . 

270,000 

Leeds,  England      .     . 

291,000 

Buenos  Ayres,  Arg.  Rep. 

178,000 

Lille,  France      .     .     . 

163,000 

Cairo,  Egypt     .... 

354,000 

Lima,  Peru   .     .     . 

1 60,000 

Lisbon,  Portugal    .     . 
Liverpool,  England    . 
London,  England  .     . 
Lucknow,  Hmdostan 
Lyons,  France  .     .     . 
Madras,  Hindostan    . 
Madrid,  Spain  .     .     . 
Manchester,  England 
Manila,  Malay  Islands 
Marseilles,  France 
Melbourne,  Australia 
Mexico,  Mexico    . 
Milan,  Italy .     .     . 
Moscow,  Russia     , 
Munich,  Germany 
Nankin,  China  .     . 
Naples,  Italy     .     . 
Ningpo,  China  .     . 
Odessa,  Russia 


274,000 
527,000 
[  ,000,000 
285,000 
343,000 
395,000 
350,000 
500,000 
165,000 
319,000 
194,000 
210,000 
263,000 
611,000 
170,000 
500,000 
450,000 
400,000 
162,000 


Osaka,  Japan    . 
Palermo,  Italy  . 
Paris,  France     . 
Patna,  Hindostan 
Peking,  China   . 
Prague,  Austria 
Rio  Janeiro,  Brazi 
Rome,  Italy  . 
Shanghai,  China 
Sheffield,  England 
Singapore,  Indo-China 
Smyrna,  Asiatic  Turkey 
Stockholm,  Sweden   .. 
St.  Petersburg,  Russia 
Tientsin,  China 
Tokio,  Japan 
Turin,  Italy  .     . 
Vienna,  Austria 
Warsaw,  Russia 


600,000 
220,000 

2,000,000 
284,000 

1,650,000 
190,000 
275,000 
244,000 
277,000 
274,000 
150,000 
150,000 
155,000 
700,000 
930,000 
800,000 
208,000 

1 ,000,000 
251,000 


CITIES    AND    TOWNS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES    HAVING    A    POPULATION    OF    OVER 

15,000    BY    THE    CENSUS    OF    1880. 


Akron,  0 16,512 

Albany,  N.Y 90,758 

Allegheny,  Penn 78,682 

Allentown,  Penn 18,063 

Akoona,  Penn i9)7io 

Atchison,  Kan 15. '05 

Atlanta,  Ga 37,409 

Auburn,  N.Y 21,924 

Augusta,  Ga 21,891 

Baltimore,  Md 332,313 

Bangor,  Me 16,856 

Bay  City,  Mich 20,693 

Binghaniton,  N.Y J7>3i7 

Bloomington,  HI 17,180 

Boston,  Mass 362,839 

Bridgeport,  Conn 27,643 

Brooklyn,  N.Y 566,663 

Buffalo,  N.Y 155,134 

Burlington,  lo 19,450 

Cambridge,  Mass.     ...  52,669 

Camden,  N.J 41,659 

Charleston,  S.C 49,984 

Chelsea,  Mass 21,782 

Chicago,  111 503,185 

Cincinnati,  0 255,139 

Cleveland,  0 160,146 

Cohoes,  N.Y 19,416 

Columbus,  0 51,647 

Council  Bluffs,  lo 18,063 

Covington,  Ky 29,720 

Davenport,  lo 21,831 

Dayton,  0 38,678 

Denver,  Col 35,629 

Des  Moines,  lo 22,408 

Detroit,  Mich 116,340 

Dubuque,  lo 22,254 


East  Saginaw,  Mich.     .     .     .  ig,oi6 

Elizabeth,  N.J 28,229 

Elmira,  N.Y 20,541 

Erie,  Penn 27,737 

Evansville,  Ind 29,280 

Fall  River,  Mass 48,961 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind 26,880 

Galveston,  Tex 22,248 

Gloucester,  Mass 19,329 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.    .     .     .  32,016 

Harrisburg,  Penn 30,762 

Hartford,  Conn 42,015 

Haverhill,  Mass 18,472 

Hoboken,  N.J 30,999 

Holyoke,  Mass 21,915 

Houston,  Tex 16,513 

Hyde  Park,  111 15,716 

Indianapolis,  Ind 75,056 

Jackson,  Mich 16,105 

Jersey  City,  N.J 120,722 

Joliet,  111 16,145 

Kansas  City,  Mo 55,785 

Kingston,  N.Y 18,344 

Lancaster,  Penn 25,769 

Lawrence,  Mass 39,151 

Leavenworth,  Kan 16,546 

Lewiston,  Me 19,083 

Lexington,  Ky 16,656 

Long  Isl.and  City,  N.Y.     .     .  17,129 

Louisville,  Ky 123,758 

Lowell,  Mass 59,475 

Lynchburg,  Va 15,959 

Lynn,  Mass 38,274 

Manchester,  N.H 32,630 

Memphis,  Tenn 33,592 

Meriden,  Conn 15,540 


Milwaukee,  Wis.  .  . 
Mmneapolis,  Minn. 
Mobile,  Ala.  .  .  . 
Montgomery,  Ala.  . 
Nashville,  Tenn.  .  . 
New  Albany,  Ind.  . 
Newark,  N.J.  .  .  . 
New  Bedford,  Mass. 
New  Brunswick,  N.J. 
Newburgh,  N.Y. 
New  Haven,  Conn.  . 
New  Orleans,  La.  . 
Newport,  Ky.  .  .  . 
Newport,  R.I.  .  . 
Newton,  Mass.  .  . 
New  York,  N.Y. .  . 
Norfolk,  Va.  .  .  . 
Norwich,  Conn.  .  . 
Oakland,  Cal.  .  .  . 
Omaha,  Neb.  .  .  . 
Oshkosh,  Wis.  .  . 
Oswego,  N.Y.  .  . 
Paterson,  N.J.  .  . 
Pawtucket,  R.I.  .     . 

Peoria,  III 

Petersburg,  Va.  .  . 
Philadelphia,  Penn.  . 
Pittsburgh,  Penn. 
Portland,  Me.  .  .  . 
Portland,  Ore.  .  . 
Poughkeepsie,  N.Y. 
Providence,  R.I.  .  . 
Quincy,  III.  .  .  . 
Racine,  Wis.  .  .  . 
Reading,  Penn.  .  . 
Richmond,  Va.     .     . 


•  115,587 
.  46,887 
.     29,132 

■  16,713 

•  43.350 

■  16,423 

•  136,508 

•  26,845 
17,166 
18,049 

.  62,882 
.  216,090 

•  20,433 

■  15,693 

•  16,995 
1,206,299 
.  21,966 

•  15,112 

•  34,555 

■  30,518 

■  15,748 

2I,Il6 

51,031 

19,030 

.  29,259 

21,656 

847,170 

156,389 

■  33,810 

17,577 
20,207 
104,857 
27,268 
16,031 

■  43,278 
63,600 


Rochester,  N.Y 89,366 

Sacramento,  Cal 21,420 

Salem,  Mass 27,563 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah    .     .     .  20,768 

San  Antonio,  Tex 20,550 

Sandusky,  0 15,838 

San  Francisco,  Cal 233,959 

Savannah,  Ga 30,709 

Scranton,  Penn 45,850 

Somerville,  Mass 24,932 

Springfield,  III 19,743 

Springfield,  Mass 33, 340 

Springfield,  0 20,730 

St.  Joseph,  Mo 32,431 

St.  Louis,  Mo 350,518 

St.  Pai.',  Minn 41, 473 

Syracuse,  N.Y 51,792 

Taunton,  Mass 21,213 

Terre  Haute,  Ind 26,042 

Toledo,  0 50,137 

Topeka,  Kan '5,452 

Trenton,  N.J 29,910 

Troy,  N.Y 5*J,747 

Utica,  N.Y 33,914 

Washington,  D.C 147,307 

Waterbury,  Conn 17,806 

Wheeling,  W.  Va 30,737 

Wilkesbarre,  Penn 23,339 

Williamsport,  Penn.       .     .     .  18,934 

Wilmington,  Del 42,478 

Wilmington,  N.C 17,35° 

Woonsocket,  R.I 16,053 

Worcester,  Mass 58,291 

Yonkers,  N.Y 18,892 

Youngstown,  0 15,435 

Zanesville,  0 18,120 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 


117 


PRONOUNCING   VOCABULARY. 


Abyssinia ab-is-sin'e-a. 

Adi-iatic a-dre-at'ic. 

Afgliaiiistaii  • .  .af-gan-is-tan'. 

Alabama al-a-bah'ma. 

Albany awl'ba-ny. 

Albemarle  al-be-niarl'. 

Alexandria al-cx-an'dre-a. 

Algiers  al-jeerz'. 

Allegliany al'le-ga-ny. 

Altai al-ti'. 

Altamaha al-ta-ma-haw'. 

Anioor a-moor'. 

Androscoggin,  .an-dros-cog'giu. 
Appalachian  .  .ap-pa-la'cbe-an. 
ilppalacliicola  .ap-pa-lach-e-co'la. 

Areqnipa ah-ray-kee'pa. 

Argentine ar'gen-tine. 

Arizona ar-i-zo'na. 

Arliansas ar-kan'sas. 

Asia a'she-a. 

Asuncion ah-soon-se-own'. 

Atchison at'che-son. 

Bab  el  3Iandeb  bab  el  man'deb. 

Bagdad bag-dad'. 

Bahama ba-ha'ma. 

B;  hia bah-ee'a. 

Baltic bawl'tlc. 

Baltimore bawl'te-more. 

Bangor bang'gor. 

Bankok ban-kok'. 

Baton  Rouge  ..bah-tn  roozh'. 

Bering beer'ing. 

Beiritt bi'root. 

Beloochistan  .  .be-loo-cbis-tan'. 

Bengal ben-gawl'. 

Ben  gazi ben-gah'ze. 

Berlin ber-lin'. 

Bogota bo-go-tah'. 

Boise  City bwah-z.ay'  cit'y. 

Bokhara bok-hah'ra. 

Bombay  bom-bay'. 

Bosporus bos'po-rus. 

Brahmapootra  braU-ma-poo'tra. 

Brazil bra-zeel'. 

Brazos braz'os. 

Breslau bres'Iaw. 

Brussels brus'slz. 

Bucharest boo-ka-rest'. 

Buenos  Ayres  .bo'nos  air'ez. 

Cabul cah-bool'. 

Cairo  (Egypt). .  .ki'ro. 

Callao cal-lah'o 

Canton  (China)  can-ton'. 
Caraccas ca-rak'as. 


Caribbean  car-ib-bee'an. 

Caucasus caw'ca-sus 

Cayenne ki  en'. 

Cayuga ca-yoo'ga. 

Celebes cerebeez. 

Ceylon ce-lone'. 

Champlain sham-plain'. 

Chesapeake ches'a-peak. 

Cheyenne shi-en'. 

Chicago she-caw'go. 

Chimborazo chim-bo-rah'zo. 

Christiania chris-te-a'ne-a. 

Cincinnati cin-cin-nah'te. 

Cochabamba  —  coch-a-bam'ba 

Cologne co-lone'. 

Colorado col-o-rah'do. 

Constantinople  con-stan-te-no'ple, 

Copenhagen co-pen-ha'gen. 

Cotopaxi co-to-pax'e. 

Covington cuv'ing-ton. 

Cusco cooz'co. 

Dakota dah-ko'ta. 

Darien  day 're-en. 

Davenport dav'en-port. 

Des  Moines de  moin'. 

Detroit de-troit'. 

Dresden drez'den. 

Dubuque du-book'. 

Ecuador ec-wa-dore'. 

Edinburgh ed'in-bur-ro. 

Elbe  elb. 

England ing'gland. 

Euphrates yoo-fray'teez. 

Europe yoo'rup. 

Fezzan fez-zan'. 

Fond  du  liac .  .fond  du  lac'. 

Genesee gen-e-see'. 

Genoa  gen'o  a. 

Gibraltar gib-rawl'tar. 

Glasgow glas'go. 

Gloucester glos'ter. 

Greenwich grin'ij. 

Griqua grik'wa. 

Guayaquil gwia-keel'. 

Guiana ghe-ah'ne. 

Guinea ghin'ne. 

Hague hayg. 

Han  Chau ban  chow'. 

Haverhill hay'ver-il. 

Havre  hahvp 

Hayti hay'te. 


Helena he-Iee'na. 

Henlopen hen-lo'pen. 

Himalaya him-a-Iay'ya. 

Hindostan liin-dos-tan'. 

Hoang  Ho ho-ang  ho'. 

Hoboken ho-bo'ken. 

Hong  Kong hong  kong'. 

Hoviston hoos'ton. 

Idaho i'da-ho. 

Indies  in'jiz. 

Illinois il-le-noi'. 

Iowa  i'o  wa. 

Irkoutsh ir-kootsh'. 

Jamaica ja-may 'ca. 

Japan  ja-pan'. 

Java jah'va 

Kalamazoo  ....  kal-a-ma-zoo'. 

Kashgar kash-gar'. 

Katahdin ka-tah'diu. 

Kelat  ke-Iat'. 

Kennebec  ken-ne-bec' 

Keokuk   kee'o-kuk. 

Klamath klah'mat. 

Labrador lab-ra-dore'. 

La  Crosse lah  cross'. 

Lafayette  lah-fay-et'. 

Lancaster lanc'as-ter. 

La  Paz  lah  pahz'. 

La  Plata lah  plah'ta. 

Lassa lahs'sa. 

Leavenworth. .  .lev'en-worth, 

Lima Ice'nia. 

Louisiana loo-t'c-ze-ah'na. 

Louisville  loo'ls-vil. 

Lyons li'onz. 

Madeira ma-dee'ra. 

Madras ma-drahs'. 

Madrid   ma-dreed'. 

Magdalena mag-da-lce'na 

Magellan ma-gel'lan. 

Malabar mal-a-bar'. 

Malacca ma-lac'ca. 

Malay ma-lay'. 

Malaysia ma-lay 'she-a. 

Manila ma-nil'a. 

Manitoba man-e-to-bah'. 

Maranham mar-an-ham'. 

Marseilles mar-sailz'. 

Matagorda mat-.vgor'da. 

Maumee maw-mee'. 

Melanesia  mel-a-nee'she-a 


Melbourne mcrbum. 

Merrimac mer're-mac. 

Miami nii-am'e. 

Michigan  niish'o-gan. 

Milan niil'an. 

MiUvaukee mil-waw'kee. 

Missouri mi.'-soo're. 

Mobile , mo-beel'. 

Mocha mo'ka. 

Monongahela  — nio-non-ga-he'la 

Montana mon-tah'na. 

Montevideo mon-te-vid'e-o. 

Montpelier  mont-peel'yer. 

Montreal mont-re-awl'. 

Moscow nios'co. 

Mount  Desert  . .  .mount  des'ert. 

Mourzouk moor-zook'. 

Mozambique mo-zam-beek'. 

Munich     mu'nik. 

Muscat  mus-cat'. 

Nashua nash'u-a. 

Natchez natch'ez. 

Nevada nay-vah'da. 

Ne-»vfoundland.  new'fund-land. 
Ne^v  Orleans     . .  .new  or'le-ans. 

New  Zealand new  zee'land. 

Niger ni'jer. 

Norfolk nor'fok. 

Norwich nor'rij. 

Nova  Scotia no'va  sco'she-a. 

Obi o'be. 

Oceanica o-she-an'e-ca. 

Odessa  o-des'sa. 

Okhotsk ok-hotsk'. 

Omaha o'ma-haw. 

Oneida o  ni'da. 

Oregon or'c-gon. 

Orinoco  o-re-no'co. 

Oshkosh osh'kosh. 

Oswego os-wee'go. 

Ottawa  ot'ta-wa. 

Ozark  o-zark'. 

Palermo pa-ler'mo. 

Palestine pal'es-tine. 

Pamlico pam'le-co. 

Panama pan-amah'. 

Papua pap'u  a. 

Paraguay par-a-gway'. 


Passamaquoddy 


I  pas-sa-ma- 


quod'dy. 

Peking pe-kin'. 

Pensacola pen-sa-co'la. 

Pernambuco  per-nam-boo'co. 


Persia  per'she-a. 

Pestli pest. 

Philippine phe-lip'pin. 

Platte plat 

Polynesia pol-y-nee'she-a. 

Popocatepetl  ...pop-o-cah'te-pet 

P«>rto  liico por'to  ree'co. 

Portugal port'u-gal. 

Potomac po-to'mac. 

PouglikeeiJsie . .  po-kip'se. 

Prague praig. 

Pyrenees pyr'e-neez. 

Quebec kwe-bec'. 

Quito kee'to. 

Kacine ra-seen'. 

Raleigh  raw'le. 

Rappahannock  rap-pa-han'nock. 

Reading  red'ing. 

Riad re-ad'. 

Rio  Grande  ...  .ree'o  gran 'day. 

Rio  Janeiro ree'o  ja-nay'ro. 

Roanoke ro-an-oke'. 

Russia rush'a. 

Sabine sa-been'. 

Sacramento  sac-ra-men'to. 

Sagiiia>v  sag'e-naw. 


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Valparaiso val-pa-ri'so. 

Venezuela ven-e-zwee'la. 

A'era  Cruz  vay 'ra  kroos. 

Versailles  ver-sailz'. 

Vienna ve-en'na. 

"Wabash waw'bash. 

Wahsatch wah-satch'. 

Warsaw  war'saw. 

Wilkesbarre wilks'bar-re. 

Willamette wil-lam'et. 

Winnebago  win-ne-ba'go. 

Winnipeg win'ne-peg. 

Winnipiseogee. .  win-ne-pe  sok'e. 

Winona we-no'na. 

Woonsocket woon-sock'et. 

Worcester woos'ter. 

Wyoming wi-o'ming. 

Yang  tse  Kiang  yang  tse  ki-ang' 

Tedo yed'o. 

Yenesei yen-e-say'e. 

Yokohoma yo-ko-hah'ma. 

Yosemite yo-sem'e-te. 

Yucatan yoo-ca-tan'. 

Yukon yoo'kon. 

Zambezi  zam-bay  'zee. 


I 


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